(173) Is There a True Religion From God's Standpoint?
Watch on PeerTubeDiscourse analysis
Synopsis
The talk asks whether there is a single “true religion” from God’s standpoint and frames that question as especially urgent for baptized or prospective Jehovah’s Witnesses who have dedicated their lives to God. The speaker’s thesis is that God, not the individual worshiper, determines acceptable worship, and that true worship can be identified by observable “fruitage,” especially moral purity, peace, love, and public preaching of God’s Kingdom. The discourse seeks both to reassure the congregation that Jehovah’s Witnesses meet these criteria and to encourage listeners to examine their religion by Bible-based standards rather than personal preference or social convention. Its practical aim is reaffirmation: dedication is meaningful only if attached to a form of worship God accepts.
Structure
The opening connects the subject to recent Watchtower studies on baptism and uses analogies of total dedication in sports, art, and science to create urgency. The first major section defines “true,” “religion,” and “worship,” then pivots to James ch. 1 vv. 26–27 to argue that there is a singular form of worship acceptable from God’s standpoint. A second section asks what religion should accomplish: it should help people honor, praise, and obey God, and it should help them live the best life possible; Revelation ch. 4 v. 11 and Micah ch. 6 v. 8 support this. The central argumentative pivot comes with Matthew ch. 7 vv. 13–23, where the speaker moves from general religion to the distinction between true and false Christianity, using Jesus’ “fruits” saying as the main diagnostic principle. The next section proposes marks of true Christians: accurate knowledge and moral transformation from Colossians ch. 3 v. 10, peace and purity from James ch. 3 vv. 17–18, love from John ch. 13 vv. 34–35, and worldwide preaching from Matthew ch. 24 v. 14 and Matthew ch. 28 vv. 19–20. The close turns to Romans ch. 12 vv. 1–2, stressing reason, personal responsibility, and the need to “prove” God’s will for oneself, while summarizing the criteria already presented.
Rhetoric and framing
The discourse uses familiar analogies—Mozart, Einstein, Tiger Woods, marriage “love language,” parental authority, fruit trees, and a Michelin tire conference—to translate doctrinal claims into everyday reasoning. These analogies make the argument accessible and conversational, while also guiding the audience toward the conclusion that sincerity is insufficient unless worship conforms to God’s stated preferences. The talk employs a mild but clear us/them framing: “the truth,” “God’s people,” and those “in the truth” are contrasted with the world, popular religion, and churches involved in war or doctrinal compromise. The emotional appeal centers on the fear of misdirected dedication: the disappointment of giving one’s life to worship that Christ might reject, illustrated by Matthew ch. 7 vv. 21–23. Appeals to authority are primarily biblical, but the speaker also appeals to institutional experience through the international convention anecdote and to Watchtower-adjacent language such as “the truth,” “system of things,” and “Jehovah’s people.” The speaker repeatedly softens exclusivist implications by saying that individuals must decide for themselves, yet the structure of the talk strongly points listeners toward Jehovah’s Witnesses as the group that satisfies the criteria.
Main arguments
- Dedication to God is too serious to be based on sincere but mistaken worship.
- God has the right to define acceptable worship, just as a creator or parent has rightful authority.
- The Bible distinguishes between futile worship and worship that is clean from God’s standpoint.
- True religion must produce observable fruitage, not merely verbal claims of Christian identity.
- Peace, love, moral purity, and neutrality toward war are presented as marks of true Christians.
- Worldwide preaching of God’s Kingdom is treated as a required identifying feature of true worship.
- Each person must use reason and Scripture to prove whether their religion conforms to God’s will.
Scripture use
The talk uses Scripture mainly as a chain of proof texts linked by thematic inference rather than as extended contextual exegesis. James ch. 1 vv. 26–27 is foundational: the speaker emphasizes the New World Translation phrasing “form of worship” and its footnote “religion,” drawing from the singular wording the conclusion that God recognizes one acceptable form of religion. This is a stronger rhetorical than exegetical move, since James is contrasting empty piety with practical righteousness rather than cataloging denominational criteria. Revelation ch. 4 v. 11 is used straightforwardly to ground God’s authority as Creator, and Micah ch. 6 v. 8 is used to stress that God’s requirements are morally clear and not excessive; the speaker’s summary of the Micah context is broadly in line with the prophetic critique of hollow or exaggerated ritual, though applied directly to modern religious practice. Matthew ch. 7 vv. 13–23 is the interpretive center: the narrow road, false prophets, fruitage, and rejected miracle-workers are combined to argue that most religion, including much professed Christianity, is unacceptable. Colossians ch. 3 v. 10 is read as requiring “accurate knowledge” of God’s personality, and the speaker connects “image” to Genesis-like language about humanity reflecting divine qualities. James ch. 3 vv. 17–18, John ch. 13 vv. 34–35, Matthew ch. 24 v. 14, and Matthew ch. 28 vv. 19–20 are then used to identify peace, love, and preaching as signs of true Christians. Romans ch. 12 vv. 1–2 closes the discourse by giving biblical warrant for rational self-examination. The translation is evidently the New World Translation, visible in terms such as “Jehovah,” “sacred service,” “system of things,” and “power of reason,” which align closely with Jehovah’s Witness doctrinal vocabulary.
Overall assessment
As spoken religious discourse, the talk is coherent, accessible, and well adapted to a Jehovah’s Witness audience. Its strongest feature is its clear practical logic: if worship is directed to God, then God’s standards, not private preference, should be decisive; and religious claims should be tested by conduct, not merely profession. The talk also effectively connects abstract doctrinal exclusivism to concrete ethical concerns such as war, peace, love, and consistency between belief and practice. Its weaker point is evidentiary selectivity: the criteria for true religion are chosen and arranged in a way that strongly favors Jehovah’s Witness self-understanding, while alternative Christian readings of the same passages are not seriously examined. Several biblical texts are moved quickly from ancient literary contexts into modern denominational application, especially James ch. 1 vv. 26–27 and Matthew ch. 7 vv. 13–23. The discourse presents itself as inviting independent reasoning, but its repeated use of insider categories such as “the truth” and its examples of Witness convention orderliness and Kingdom preaching make the expected conclusion clear. Historically and sociologically, it is a good example of Jehovah’s Witness public-talk apologetics: biblically saturated, morally earnest, exclusivist but courteous in tone, and oriented toward reinforcing group identity through claims of scriptural consistency and distinctive communal fruitage.
Claims analysis
16 claims reviewed; 0 anecdotal.
- None False Verifiable Statistical
John Kenneth Galbraith said, "More people have been killed in the name of religion than all the wars and the natural disasters put together."
- Citation detail
- Attributed to John Kenneth Galbraith, with no work, date, or source supplied.
- Independent verification
- The quotation is not reliably traceable to Galbraith and the statistical claim is untenable. Deaths "in all wars" already include wars motivated by religion, so religiously motivated killings cannot exceed all war deaths plus natural-disaster deaths unless categories are being redefined incoherently.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Key evidence
Religiously motivated war deaths are necessarily included within, and cannot exceed, total war deaths plus natural-disaster deaths.
Analysis
This is both poorly sourced and logically/statistically false as stated. If religious killings are a subset of war deaths, they cannot outnumber "all the wars" plus natural disasters. Even if the claim meant religiously motivated violence outside formal wars, no credible historical dataset supports it. Many of the deadliest conflicts and atrocities were driven by imperial, ethnic, dynastic, nationalist, or ideological causes rather than religion alone.
Factualness notes
The claim uses "religion" as a monocausal explanation for complex conflicts. Scholarship on war causation treats religion as one factor among many in some conflicts, not the dominant cause of all mass mortality. The Galbraith attribution is also unverified; without a primary citation it should not be presented as a sourced quotation.
- None Weak Support Verifiable Theological Worldview as fact
James 1:26-27 shows there is a false form of worship and "the form of worship that is clean and undefiled from the standpoint of our God and Father"; the footnote says this could be rendered "the religion" singular.
- Citation detail
- James ch. 1 vv. 26-27, with reference to a footnote rendering "form of worship" as "religion."
- Independent verification
- The passage contrasts worthless worship/religion with pure and undefiled religion, but it does not explicitly identify a single modern institution or denominational form as the only true religion.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Key evidence
James ch. 1 v. 27 defines pure religion by ethical conduct, not by institutional membership.
Analysis
James ch. 1 vv. 26-27 does distinguish futile religion from pure and undefiled religion. The speaker’s inference that this proves one singular divinely approved religious organization goes beyond the text. The singular noun can function generically or abstractly, as in English "religion" or "worship," and James defines purity in ethical terms: control of speech, care for orphans and widows, and remaining unstained by the world.
Factualness notes
In context, James ch. 1 vv. 22-27 contrasts merely hearing with doing. Verse 27 names practical righteousness, not a denominational test. The NWT phrase "from the standpoint of our God" corresponds to the Greek idea "before God and the Father" or "in the sight of God." The text supports a moral distinction between acceptable and worthless worship, but not the larger claim that it identifies one modern religion.
- None Weak Support Verifiable Theological Worldview as fact
In Genesis, when Jehovah said "let’s make man in our image," he was not saying physical likeness but emotional likeness, likeness of personality, the ability to express happiness and love and experience joy.
- Citation detail
- Allusion to Genesis ch. 1 vv. 26-27 while interpreting Colossians ch. 3 v. 10.
- Independent verification
- The image of God is widely interpreted non-physically in Jewish and Christian theology, but the specific reduction to emotional likeness/personality is too narrow and not the dominant scholarly explanation.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Key evidence
Genesis ch. 1 vv. 26-28 connects the divine image directly with humanity’s vocation to rule over creation.
Analysis
The denial that Genesis ch. 1 vv. 26-27 means God has a human body accords with much later Jewish and Christian theological interpretation, though the Hebrew Bible also contains anthropomorphic language about God. The positive definition offered—emotional likeness/personality—is selective. Current scholarship often sees "image" as a royal-priestly vocation: humanity represents God’s rule within creation, connected to dominion in ch. 1 vv. 26-28.
Factualness notes
Genesis ch. 1 vv. 26-28 links the image and likeness of God to humanity’s creation as male and female and to rule over other living creatures. Colossians ch. 3 v. 10 uses image language in the context of moral renewal. The speaker’s ethical application is compatible with Christian theology, but the claim about the original meaning of "image" is incomplete.
- None Weak Support Verifiable Statistical
20 years ago there was a study done and 86% of the world professed to believe in God and worship him.
- Citation detail
- No study, date, polling organization, or methodology was named.
- Independent verification
- Global figures near 84-86% often refer to religious affiliation, not necessarily personal belief in God or worship of God. The statement conflates religious affiliation, theism, and active worship.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Key evidence
Pew’s 2012 global estimate was about 84% religiously affiliated, not 86% personally professing belief in and worship of God.
Analysis
A widely cited Pew estimate found about 84% of the global population religiously affiliated circa 2010, and some other surveys have reported high levels of belief in God or a higher power. But "professed to believe in God and worship him" is not the same as being religiously affiliated. Buddhism, some forms of Hinduism, Chinese traditional religion, and unaffiliated theists complicate the category.
Factualness notes
The number 86% may approximate some global religious-affiliation or belief estimates, but without a source it is not possible to confirm the date, sample, question wording, or whether it measured belief in God, belief in gods, religious identity, or worship practice. As worded, it overstates what major demographic surveys usually show.
- None Weak Support Verifiable Historical
Micah’s context is that the Israelites were going beyond what God was asking, doing additional things in worship to one-up each other and feel validated.
- Citation detail
- Micah ch. 6 vv. 6-8.
- Independent verification
- Micah ch. 6 is generally read as a covenant lawsuit in which God indicts Israel for injustice and unfaithfulness; the escalating sacrifices in vv. 6-7 are rhetorical, not clear evidence that Israelites were literally competing to add excessive acts of worship.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Key evidence
Micah ch. 6 vv. 6-8 is a rhetorical contrast between sacrifice and covenant ethics, not a report of Israelites trying to outdo each other.
Analysis
The speaker correctly identifies Micah ch. 6 v. 8 as a concise statement of what YHWH requires: justice, loyalty/loving-kindness, and humble walking with God. But the claim that Israelites were "one-upping" each other with extra worship is not the usual contextual reading. The questions about calves, thousands of rams, torrents of oil, and firstborn offerings form a rhetorical escalation to expose the inadequacy of ritual without justice.
Factualness notes
Micah ch. 6 vv. 1-8 presents a prophetic dispute: God reminds Israel of saving acts and asks what true covenant response requires. The passage critiques misplaced reliance on ritual and possibly alludes polemically to extreme offerings, but it does not clearly describe a social competition in worship. The ethical contrast is well supported; the specific motive attributed to the Israelites is speculative.
- None Interpretive (Non-Falsifiable) Not verifiable Theological Worldview as fact
The Bible is the only source of accurate knowledge that we have that allows us to navigate what’s true and false about God.
- Citation detail
- Stated after discussion of Colossians ch. 3 v. 10; no direct proof text cited for exclusivity.
- Independent verification
- This is a theological claim about revelation and authority, not a falsifiable historical proposition. Different religious traditions appeal to scripture, tradition, reason, experience, nature, philosophy, or additional revelations as sources of knowledge about God.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Analysis
The claim is confessional. It may be central to a community’s theology, but it cannot be established by neutral historical method. Even within Christianity, some traditions affirm scripture as uniquely inspired while also treating church tradition, reason, natural theology, or spiritual experience as genuine sources of knowledge. Judaism, Islam, Hindu traditions, and other religions make different claims about revelation.
Factualness notes
Colossians ch. 3 v. 10 speaks of renewal in knowledge according to the creator’s image; it does not say the Bible is the only source of accurate knowledge about God. The Bible itself sometimes appeals to creation, conscience, prophecy, wisdom, and communal teaching. The exclusivity claim is doctrinal rather than a direct quotation of the cited passage.
- None Moderate Support Verifiable Theological Worldview as fact
James 3:17-18 shows that true Christians on earth today would be clean or pure and peaceable; God’s people are overall known for their peace.
- Citation detail
- James ch. 3 vv. 17-18.
- Independent verification
- James ch. 3 vv. 17-18 describes wisdom from above as pure, peaceable, gentle/reasonable, merciful, impartial, and sincere, and says righteousness is sown in peace by peacemakers. It does not explicitly establish a test for identifying one modern religious organization.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Analysis
The passage strongly supports the ethical claim that Christian wisdom should be peaceable and pure. The broader apologetic claim—that this identifies a particular contemporary group—is interpretive. James addresses conduct within Christian communities generally; he does not give a sociological method for comparing denominations or measuring organizational purity.
Factualness notes
James ch. 3 contrasts destructive speech, jealousy, and ambition with wisdom from above. Verses 17-18 do make peace a marker of divine wisdom. The text supports pacific Christian ethics, but applying it exclusively to one group requires additional historical and sociological evidence not supplied in the talk.
- None Strong Support Verifiable Theological Worldview as fact
Jesus said in John 13:34-35 that love among themselves would be an identifying mark of his disciples.
- Citation detail
- John ch. 13 vv. 34-35.
- Independent verification
- The claim accurately reflects the text: Jesus gives a new commandment to love one another and says all will know his disciples by their mutual love.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Analysis
This is a straightforward textual claim. John ch. 13 vv. 34-35 says Jesus’ disciples are to love one another as he loved them and that this mutual love will reveal their discipleship. The passage does not specify an institutional label, but it clearly makes love a public criterion of authentic discipleship.
Factualness notes
In context, the saying appears during the Last Supper/Farewell setting after Judas departs. The love command is directed to the disciple community and is echoed in Johannine literature, especially 1 John. The speaker’s use of the text as a general Christian identifying mark is well grounded, though any claim that a specific group uniquely fulfills it requires separate evidence.
- None Moderate Support Verifiable Theological Worldview as fact
Matthew 24:14 says the good news of the Kingdom will be preached in all the inhabited earth before the end, and Matthew 28:19-20 shows Jesus’ followers would be doing that preaching work.
- Citation detail
- Matthew ch. 24 v. 14 and Matthew ch. 28 vv. 19-20.
- Independent verification
- The cited texts do contain a worldwide proclamation motif and a commission to make disciples of all nations. Identifying this as an exclusive marker of one modern religion is an interpretive step beyond the text.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Analysis
The basic textual claim is supported: Matthew ch. 24 v. 14 speaks of the kingdom good news being proclaimed in the whole inhabited world as a witness to all nations, and Matthew ch. 28 vv. 19-20 commands the disciples to make disciples of all nations. The claim that this identifies one contemporary group over all others is not stated in the passages and would require comparative evidence about mission, message, and practice.
Factualness notes
Matthew ch. 24 is an apocalyptic discourse whose time reference is debated, especially in relation to Jerusalem’s destruction and eschatological expectation. Matthew ch. 28 vv. 19-20 is the clearest universal mission command. Many Christian traditions understand themselves as fulfilling these texts through evangelism, missions, Bible translation, preaching, or social witness.
- None Moderate Support Verifiable Theological Worldview as fact
Romans 12:1 says to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, "a sacred service with your power of reason," and verse 2 says to prove to yourselves the good and acceptable and perfect will of God.
- Citation detail
- Romans ch. 12 vv. 1-2, quoted in New World Translation wording.
- Independent verification
- Romans ch. 12 vv. 1-2 does urge believers to present their bodies as a living sacrifice and to be transformed by renewal of the mind so they may discern God’s will. The phrase rendered "power of reason" is debated; many translations render logike latreia as "spiritual worship" or "reasonable service."
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Analysis
The passage is accurately summarized in broad terms. The NWT’s "sacred service with your power of reason" reflects one possible interpretation of Greek logikos, but major translations often prefer "spiritual worship" or "reasonable service." Paul’s point is not merely private rational proof-testing but embodied worship and nonconformity to the present age through renewed discernment.
Factualness notes
Romans ch. 12 vv. 1-2 calls for the body as living sacrifice and the mind’s renewal so believers may discern God’s will. The speaker’s appeal to thoughtful self-examination is compatible with the passage, though the wording "prove to yourselves" and "power of reason" is especially associated with the NWT tradition.
- None Moderate Support Verifiable Moral Worldview as fact
We don’t have to say that homosexuality is bad, but that’s still okay to God.
- Citation detail
- No specific biblical passage cited; used as an example of changing or adding to God’s requirements.
- Independent verification
- Several biblical texts condemn male same-sex intercourse or same-sex acts as understood in ancient contexts, but the modern category "homosexuality" as an orientation is not directly equivalent to ancient terminology.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Analysis
If the claim is that biblical writers condemn certain same-sex sexual acts, it has substantial textual support in traditional readings. If the claim is that the Bible directly addresses and condemns "homosexuality" as a modern identity or orientation, the matter is more complex. Ancient texts discuss acts, purity, honor, idolatry, excess, and social roles, not modern sexual orientation categories.
Factualness notes
Leviticus ch. 18 v. 22 and ch. 20 v. 13 prohibit male same-sex intercourse in Israelite law. Romans ch. 1 vv. 26-27 describes same-sex relations in a broader argument about idolatry and disordered desire. 1 Corinthians ch. 6 vv. 9-10 includes disputed Greek terms malakoi and arsenokoitai. The speaker presents a contested moral-theological interpretation as settled fact.
- None Moderate Support Verifiable Statistical
Among the Christian faction of that, 37,000 different denominations of Christianity at that time.
- Citation detail
- No source was named for the 37,000-denomination figure.
- Independent verification
- Figures in this range are associated with the World Christian Encyclopedia/World Christian Database, but their definition of a denomination often counts national branches and jurisdictional bodies separately, not simply distinct doctrinal denominations.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Analysis
A number around 37,000 is plausible if drawn from World Christian Encyclopedia-style counts in the early 2000s. However, the statistic is often misunderstood. These counts include many country-level denominations, independent churches, jurisdictions, and schismatic bodies; they do not necessarily mean 37,000 mutually exclusive doctrinal systems.
Factualness notes
The claim is broadly traceable to recognized religion-demography sources, but its rhetorical use as evidence of doctrinal chaos needs qualification. Depending on definitions, counts vary widely. The number is not a simple census of theological denominations in the ordinary lay sense.
- None Moderate Support Verifiable Theological Worldview as fact
Revelation chapter 4 verse 11 says, "You are worthy, Jehovah our God, to receive the glory and the honor and the power because you created all things."
- Citation detail
- Revelation ch. 4 v. 11, quoted in New World Translation wording.
- Independent verification
- Revelation ch. 4 v. 11 does praise God as worthy because God created all things, but the Greek text reads "our Lord and God" rather than containing the divine name YHWH/Jehovah.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Analysis
The substance that God is worthy of honor because God created all things is directly in Revelation ch. 4 v. 11. The use of "Jehovah" is a denominational translation choice in the NWT; extant Greek manuscripts of Revelation do not contain the Tetragrammaton here. Also, the immediate speakers in ch. 4 vv. 10-11 are the twenty-four elders, not simply "the angels," though they are heavenly beings in the vision.
Factualness notes
Most translations render the address "our Lord and God." The verse is a liturgical acclamation within John’s throne vision, affirming God as Creator. The speaker’s doctrinal use—that the Creator has authority to define worship—is a theological inference rather than the direct argument of the verse.
- None Moderate Support Verifiable Theological Worldview as fact
Matthew 7:13-14 shows that the majority of the earth are on the road to destruction and few are finding the road to life.
- Citation detail
- Matthew ch. 7 vv. 13-14.
- Independent verification
- The passage indeed contrasts a broad road leading to destruction with a narrow road leading to life, with many on one and few on the other. Applying this directly to the numerical majority of the modern earth or to denominational identity is interpretive.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Analysis
The textual claim is substantially accurate: Matthew ch. 7 vv. 13-14 says many enter the broad way to destruction and few find the constricted way to life. The speaker’s application to "the majority of the earth" and to sorting modern religions is a theological inference. In context, Jesus is addressing hearers about obedience, discipleship, and doing the Father’s will, not giving a demographic analysis of world religions.
Factualness notes
Matthew ch. 7 continues with warnings about false prophets and the need to do God’s will. The passage can support a Christian exclusivist or rigorous-discipleship reading, but it does not identify which modern group constitutes the "few." The text supports the many/few contrast more strongly than the organizational conclusion drawn from it.
- None Strong Support Verifiable Theological Worldview as fact
According to the scriptures, it is integral that we recognize Jesus to be approved by God.
- Citation detail
- No single verse cited for this exact claim; said while discussing Matthew ch. 7 and Christian denominations.
- Independent verification
- Within the New Testament, recognition of Jesus is central to salvation and relationship with God, though different Christian traditions define the required recognition differently.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Analysis
As a statement about New Testament theology, this is well supported: the New Testament repeatedly presents Jesus as the decisive agent of God’s salvation and as one whose acknowledgment is necessary for Christian identity. However, the claim does not by itself resolve disputes over Christology, sacraments, church authority, or which modern Christian community is approved by God.
Factualness notes
Relevant texts include John ch. 14 v. 6, Acts ch. 4 v. 12, Romans ch. 10 vv. 9-13, and 1 John ch. 4 vv. 2-3. Matthew ch. 7 vv. 21-23 also assumes people can confess Jesus as "Lord" yet fail to do God’s will. The New Testament supports the centrality of Jesus, but not the speaker’s later denominational conclusion on its own.
- None Moderate Support Verifiable Historical Worldview as fact
Many forms of Christianity say God’s Kingdom will bring change, but they are still preaching their own people into the wars that we’ve seen in this past century.
- Citation detail
- No specific churches, wars, or documents cited; stated after the Galbraith quotation.
- Independent verification
- Many Christian institutions did support or bless national war efforts in the twentieth century, especially during World War I and World War II, though Christian responses varied widely and included pacifist, conscientious-objector, and antiwar traditions.
- Source trace
- No Traceable Origin
Analysis
The general point has historical support: numerous Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant leaders endorsed national war aims, chaplaincies, patriotic sermons, and military service in major twentieth-century conflicts. However, "preaching their own people into wars" is rhetorically broad and does not apply uniformly to all churches or all Christian traditions. Some groups consistently rejected combatant service.
Factualness notes
World War I is a clear example of many European churches sacralizing national causes on opposing sides. World War II, the Cold War, and later conflicts show mixed patterns of support, resistance, and moral debate. The claim is broadly plausible for "many" churches, but it needs specificity and should not erase Christian pacifist traditions.