June 8

Page Two

Who is mankind’s worst enemy? Is it man himself? Or could there be a power greater than man behind all the evil and atrocities that have been committed on earth? Could there be a supernatural power involved in mankind’s history of violence and hatred? These and related questions are considered in our opening series

Your Worst Enemy​—Is It You? 3

Your Worst Enemy​—Who Is He? 4

Your Worst Enemy​—His Rise and Fall 7

Your Worst Enemy​—Is It You?

NEIGHBORS called Peter a “nice guy . . . who was hooked on running and playing tennis.” A mere 33 years old, he could already boast a prestigious job and acclaim as an amateur athlete. But one morning he strangled his father. The provocation? According to the Daily News, Peter shouted, “The Devil made me do this!”

Criminals invoking the Devil-made-me-do-it alibi, however, often find themselves being rushed off for psychiatric examination rather than gaining acquittal. And in some circles merely expressing belief in the Devil is enough to bring one’s sanity into question. ‘A shadowy figure who runs around promoting murder and mayhem? Ridiculous!’ say many. A bit more palatable, perhaps, is the notion that the Devil is just a symbol of the evil in man himself.

Imperfect man, to be sure, does have an evil side. “The inclination of the heart of man is bad from his youth up,” says the Bible. (Genesis 8:21) But decades of research by psychologists to find ‘the Devil within’ have produced little more than conflicting theories, often riddled with inconsistencies and problems. (See box.)

Take, for example, those who attribute human violence to our supposed evolutionary inheritance from animals. In his book The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness, Erich Fromm argues that, contrary to popular opinion, violence is not an animal’s sole response to danger: “The impulse to flee plays . . . the same if not a larger role in animal behavior than the impulse to fight.” So even if one were to accept the problem-filled theory of evolution, the concept of man as an innately violent animal is suspect. But if man is not his own worst enemy, then who is?

[Box on page 3]

The Search for ‘the Devil Within’

Many have been the attempts to prove that man alone is the source of evil. Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud saw man as driven by powerful life-and-death instincts. Freud’s former collaborator Carl Jung, however, saw the “Devil” in man as a “shadow” or animallike personality that emerges when man tries to repress his evil side. Konrad Lorenz said that aggression is innate, a leftover of man’s evolutionary past. Many biologists feel that genetic or organic abnormalities might be the triggers of human violence. Complicating the picture even further are those who say that nurture​—not nature—​is responsible for ‘the Devil’ in man. By this, behaviorists mean that environmental factors, such as family and friends, produce evil.

Your Worst Enemy​—Who Is He?

NO ONE denies, of course, that man is often the cause of evil. The real issue, though, is, Could man alone be responsible for the enormous cruelty and violence our generation has witnessed? Many refuse even to consider looking outside of man for another source of evil. But should you cast aside this possibility without at least investigating it? Granted, the popular image of a long-tailed, horned Devil in red tights is laughable. But the global escalation of wickedness is not.

Does it not seem incredible to you that man, a creature capable of great love and tenderness, is also the author of the concentration-camp tortures and nuclear bombs? If evil is just a simple matter of psychology or environment, why has it increased to frightening levels in an age when man supposedly knows more about himself and his environment than ever before? Why are nearly all nations reporting increases in crime? Why has this century been inundated with forms of evil that in earlier times were hardly heard of? If wickedness is solely man-made, why have man’s greatest efforts to eliminate it proved dismal failures?

Could it be that the famous Romanian playwright Eugène Ionesco was right when he said: “History would be beyond comprehension if we were to leave out the demonic element”?

The Clergy’s Curious Silence

Though the question of whether there exists a “demonic element” or not would seem best answered by theologians, the religious clergy are, oddly enough, just as divided as scientific researchers. The Providence Journal-Bulletin once queried a number of local clergymen on the question, Is Satan real? There were those who claimed they had actually exorcised demons, others who believed in the Devil but had trouble ‘personalizing’ him (‘I see him more as a power that is contrary to the will of God’), and yet others who said the Devil is not a person (‘I don’t think we have to personalize him’).

Even the Catholic Church has been curiously silent when it comes to the Devil, though belief in the Devil is official church doctrine. As E. V. Walter observes in Disguises of the Demonic, the church has reacted to modern skepticism. Comparing the 1907 and 1967 editions of The Catholic Encyclopedia, Walter notices “more than a subtle difference” in the articles dealing with “demons,” “demoniacs,” “diabolic possession” and “exorcism.” While the old encyclopedia clearly acknowledged the reality of demonic possession, the newer edition took a more sophisticated approach: “Psychiatry . . . has shown that the workings of the subconscious explain many, if not most, of the abnormal conditions that earlier generations had attributed to diabolical activity.”

Pope Paul VI, however, caused a theological uproar back in 1972 when he said: “We know that this obscure and disturbing being [the Devil] really exists and that he still operates with treacherous cunning.” Liberal theologians cringed at this. The church sponsored theological study of the issue. The result? A document entitled “Christian Faith and Demonology” that clearly reaffirmed the Catholic Church’s belief in the Devil. But as Herbert Haag observes in the Journal of Ecumenical Studies, the church chose a strangely inconspicuous method of publishing this study.a And in a surprising break with tradition, the author of the study is anonymous. Concludes Haag: “Rome chose the route of anonymity, which can hardly be interpreted as anything other than an admission of incertitude.”

Can We View Satan “Realistically and Seriously”?

Though the Vatican’s document was all but ignored by the media and the world, the issue of the Devil’s existence cannot be brushed aside. The consequences are just too enormous. If, for example, there is no Devil, how can you reconcile the existence of a God of love with the continuing existence of evil? As Howard R. Burkle writes in God, Suffering, & Belief: “Of all the factors which make belief [in God] difficult for moderns, however, the most important is human suffering.” Denying the existence of the Devil might therefore be one breath away from denying the existence of God!

There is also the fact that belief in the Devil is virtually universal. As historian Jeffrey Burton Russell observes, there are “parallel formulations of the Devil in diverse and widely separated cultures.” He has been called Ahriman by the ancient Persians, Iblīs by Muslims and Māra by Buddhists. But in the Western world, he is perhaps better known by the name Satan. Belief in a Devil persists in spite of the skepticism of science and the denials of theologians.

Of prime significance to Christians, however, is the question, Does the Bible teach the existence of a Devil? True, liberal theologians attempt to explain away the Devil’s appearance in the Bible, some even claiming that Jesus Christ did not believe in him. Their attitude, according to Professor Richard H. Hiers, writing in the Scottish Journal of Theology, is this: “We do not believe in Satan and demons; surely Jesus could not have done so either!” But after a careful study of the Gospel accounts, Hiers concluded: “There is no reason for us to suppose that Jesus did not view the demons in the same way as did his contemporaries and the synoptic evangelists: realistically and seriously.”

Are there thus valid reasons for you, too, to view the existence of the Devil “realistically and seriously”? What exactly does the Bible say about him?

[Footnotes]

[Blurb on page 5]

“History would be beyond comprehension if we were to leave out the demonic element”

[Blurb on page 5]

Efforts to limit the Devil to the evil within man have proved unsatisfactory

[Picture on page 6]

Has man alone been responsible for all of this?

Your Worst Enemy​—His Rise and Fall

THE Bible shows that the enemy emerged shortly after God placed man and woman in their Paradise home. God, requiring the loyalty and obedience of this couple, gave them a simple command: ‘Do not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and bad.’​—Genesis 2:16, 17.

The enemy, however, saw this as a golden opportunity: “Now the serpent proved to be the most cautious of all the wild beasts of the field that Jehovah God had made. So it began to say to the woman: ‘Is it really so that God said you must not eat from every tree of the garden?’” Eve, doubtless familiar with the serpent and its shy ways, had no reason to run in terror. Not grasping that a superhuman power was behind this serpent, she was intrigued by its smooth words.​—Genesis 3:1; 1 Timothy 2:14.

So when Eve responded that a violation of God’s law would mean death, the serpent replied by flatly contradicting God: “You positively will not die. For God knows that in the very day of your eating from it your eyes are bound to be opened and you are bound to be like God, knowing good and bad.”​—Genesis 3:2-5.

The rest is history. Eve, deceived into thinking she could live successfully independent of God, ate of the tree, and Adam followed suit. Swiftly moving to punish the rebellious pair, God condemned them to eventual death.​—Genesis 3:16-19.

Who Was Behind the Serpent?

The Bible specifically identifies Satan as “the original serpent.” (Revelation 12:9) Delete the Devil from Genesis (as some skeptics would do) and the account is meaningless. One must then believe that a serpent somehow mustered up the ability to talk!

Yet the Bible shows that only man was created “in God’s image” and thus was able to communicate intelligently. (Genesis 1:27) Note, too, the sentence God pronounced upon the serpent: “And I shall put enmity between you and the woman and between your seed and her seed. He will bruise you in the head and you will bruise him in the heel.”​—Genesis 3:15.

Applying these words to a literal serpent makes little sense. Do humans really feel any more “enmity” for serpents than for, say, rats and spiders? Quite obviously, then, the “serpent,” “woman” and ‘seeds’ of that text are symbols that can be understood only in the light of other scriptures. (Galatians 4:26; 3:29; Revelation 12:1-6; Matthew 23:33) Nevertheless, it was now clear that a Satan, a resister of God, was on the loose.

The Enemy’s Origin

“That one was a manslayer when he began, and he did not stand fast in the truth, because truth is not in him.” (John 8:44) Jesus Christ thus indicated that Satan was at one time “in the truth,” doubtless among the glorious angelic “sons of God.” (Job 38:7) This is a far cry from gruesomely depicting him as a horned, cloven-hoofed creature.a The Bible, however, does not dignify him by giving his original name.

‘But how could an angel sin?’ object some. Precisely what process of thinking led him into rebellion is not spelled out in the Bible. Perhaps he reasoned like the haughty king of Babylon: “To the heavens I shall go up. Above the stars of God I shall lift up my throne.” (Isaiah 14:13; compare 1 Timothy 3:6.) Likely an obsessive desire to be worshiped triggered that deadly chain reaction: “But each one is tried by being drawn out and enticed by his own desire. Then the desire, when it has become fertile, gives birth to sin; in turn, sin, when it has been accomplished, brings forth death.”​—James 1:14, 15.

Dividing the Universe

Why, then, did God not simply destroy Satan? Because Adam and Eve’s defection raised serious questions: Was God’s rule oppressive? Or was his rule righteous? Who had the right to rule? Was God withholding freedom from his subjects? Given the opportunity, would all of God’s servants abandon him?

Destroying Satan would have settled none of these questions. So God has wisely permitted Satan to exist​—for a limited period. This has allowed both men and angels to observe God’s and Satan’s contrasting way of ruling. People can thus align themselves with either God or Satan. This issue of God’s rule versus “independence” divides the universe to this day!

Another side to this issue was revealed centuries later. In a remarkable glimpse into heaven itself, the Bible in Job 1:6-11 tells of an assembly of angels that Satan brazenly attended:

“Jehovah said to Satan: ‘Where do you come from?’ At that Satan answered Jehovah and said: ‘From roving about in the earth and from walking about in it.’ And Jehovah went on to say to Satan: ‘Have you set your heart upon my servant Job, that there is no one like him in the earth, a man blameless and upright, fearing God and turning aside from bad?’ At that Satan answered Jehovah and said: ‘Is it for nothing that Job has feared God? . . . Thrust out your hand, please, and touch everything he has and see whether he will not curse you to your very face.’”

It is obvious from the tone of this exchange that Satan was in opposition to God.b He implied that none of God’s servants would remain faithful if placed under pressure. Consequently, new questions were raised: To what extent would man be willing to suffer hardship out of love for God? Are God’s servants selfishly motivated? Again, these questions could be answered only by allowing wickedness to exist a while longer.

Are There Spirit Governments and Authorities?

Satan has spent some 6,000 years recruiting followers. He even gained the backing of rebel angels who under his influence “forsook their own proper dwelling place” in heaven. (Jude 6; Genesis 6:2) But how successful has he been in wooing humans to his side? How extensive is his influence today?

Quite extensive, according to the testimony of one angel to the prophet Daniel. Explaining why he had been delayed, the angel said: “But the prince of the royal realm of Persia was standing in opposition to me for twenty-one days, and, look! Michael, one of the foremost [angelic] princes, came to help me.” (Daniel 10:13) But who could resist an angel? Certainly no human. Why, it took but one angel to destroy 185,000 puny humans in one night! (Isaiah 37:36) The opposing prince must therefore have been a demonic agent of the great Adversary, Satan, himself!

The implications of this are enormous. The apostle Paul indicated that “wicked spirit forces in the heavenly places” are organized into “governments” and “authorities.” (Ephesians 6:12) Doubtless, then, each world power is invisibly governed by an invisible demonic “prince”! (Daniel 10:20) Indeed, Satan later boasted to Jesus of his ownership of “all the kingdoms of the inhabited earth.”c Jesus, of course, refused to have any share in this Satanic rule. (Luke 4:5-8) But what of men currently in office as national leaders? Are they not, in effect, Satan’s puppets?​—See also Revelation 13:2.

“Eat Much Flesh”

Does Satanic rule really have a tangible effect on mankind? A chilling answer to this is given in Daniel chapter 7. There the Medo-Persian Empire is pictured by a bearlike “beast.” At the end of Da 7 verse 5, the Bible says: “And this is what they were saying to it, ‘Get up, eat much flesh.’” Satan’s demon princes were evidently inciting Persian rulers to “get up” from their second-rate power status and greedily gobble up territory.

History verifies that in time Medo-Persia responded to this demon invitation to “eat much flesh.” Says The Historians’ History of the World: “It is interesting to reflect that this empire was the greatest in mere geographical extent that the world had ever seen, far greater than Egypt, greater than the Assyrian empire at its widest reach, and greater than any empire that was to succeed it until modern times, except for the brief decade [under] Alexander the Great.”

To this day, international leaders show the same inclination to extend their spheres of influence. But now the stakes are higher. Nations perform what one writer called the “macabre dance” of maintaining a “balance of terror”​—enough nuclear weapons to destroy the world several times over. The tempting prospect of a “limited” nuclear war has even seduced “military strategists of all the major powers” to abandon “their long-sacrosanct notion of mutual deterrence. . . . They are busy instead plotting how best to wage and win an atomic exchange. The unspeakable is being discussed; the unthinkable is being contemplated.” (Maclean’s, February 15, 1982) Have they gone mad? No, they are merely succumbing to the proddings of their invisible ruler​—Satan the Devil.

Who Are the Devil’s Advocates?

“I believe in [the Devil], I guess,” said one woman. “But I haven’t thought about him in a long time.” The Devil’s existence, though, should not be shoved into the corners of our minds. It must be faced squarely.

Belief in the Devil, however, does not mean being in morbid fear of him, or being fascinated by the occult. Christians flee demonistic and occult practices. (Deuteronomy 18:10-12; 1 Corinthians 10:21) Interestingly, the book The Devil’s Dominion observed: “The main reason why there has been such a growth of interest and involvement in the occult and in the satanic . . . has been the spiritual sterility of the established Church . . . the true but unwitting group of Devil’s advocates are the clergy of the established Churches themselves.”

Jehovah’s Witnesses, however, suffer no such “spiritual sterility.” Nor do they become unwitting Devil’s advocates by joining the chorus of skeptics who deny his existence. (2 Corinthians 11:14) Knowing who man’s enemy is helps them understand why the God of love permits evil. They know just where they stand on the universal issue, preferring to submit to the good laws and the benefits of God’s rule rather than choose short-lived “independence.” And they are confident that with God’s help they can be ‘delivered from the wicked one.’ (Matthew 6:13) Recognizing that there is a Devil may open them to ridicule, but it also serves as a real protection.

A World War II poster in the United States read, “Know Your Enemy!” Battles have been lost because a general underestimated his foe. Jehovah’s Witnesses, though, know who the enemy is and they are “not ignorant of his designs.” (2 Corinthians 2:11) They know that “the whole world is lying in the power of the wicked one” and are thus not seduced by his schemes.​—1 John 5:19.

Jehovah’s Witnesses also know that Satan’s evil reign is soon to end. The Bible foretells that soon the all-powerful Creator of the universe will rid his realm of all opposers. Satan’s rule will be succeeded by, as the apostle Peter wrote, “new heavens and a new earth that we are awaiting according to [God’s] promise, and in these righteousness is to dwell.”​—2 Peter 3:7, 11-13; Revelation 20:1-3, 10.

In the “short period of time” left, we urge you to study the Bible and learn how you, too, can “oppose the Devil.” (Revelation 12:12; James 4:7) Jehovah’s Witnesses would be pleased to help you do this so that you can rejoice in the Bible’s promise: “The God who gives peace will crush Satan . . . shortly.”​—Romans 16:20.

[Footnotes]

[Map/​Picture on page 10]

(For fully formatted text, see publication.)

Under demonic influence the Medo-Persian Empire grew to be one of the most extensive in history

The Great Sea

Black Sea

Caspian Sea

Persian Gulf

Red Sea

GREECE

MEDIA

PERSIA

ARABIA

EGYPT

ARMENIA

INDIA

LIBYA

Jerusalem

Babylon

Nineveh

Damascus

MT. SINAI

THRACE

ETHIOPIA

Nile River

Tigris River

Euphrates River

PARTHIA

ASSYRIA

LYDIA

SYRIA

[Picture on page 8]

The popular conception of the Devil is borrowed from the portrayals of the mythological Greek god Pan

[Picture on page 9]

Are the world’s military leaders, now plotting nuclear strategy, succumbing to the proddings of Satan?

“Don’t See the Wheelchair​—See Me!”

By “Awake!” correspondent in Britain

RECENTLY, a British clergyman spent a day in a wheelchair pretending to be disabled. He reported that most people avoided him. “They didn’t want to know,” he said. “Their eyes swivelled away and they passed me by as if I was not there.”

Do you find it difficult to be relaxed when you encounter someone in a wheelchair? Does embarrassment restrain your normal friendliness? Or perhaps you feel that disabled people prefer to be left to themselves. Whatever the reason, it must be admitted that many have a problem here. What can be done? To find out, let us talk with Tom, the man in the wheelchair. “It’s simple,” he says. “Don’t see the wheelchair​—see me!”

So when you meet or visit a disabled person, there is no need to assume an awkward or unusual line of conversation. Be yourself. Talk as you would with any other friend or acquaintance. He does not want his disability to intrude into every conversation. He is interested in what is going on and enjoys exchanging news and thoughts with others. Many wheelchair people have limited opportunity to do that. So they are pleased to have your company. Tom, who has been in a wheelchair for 27 years, says, “I appreciate it when people say that they don’t think of me as disabled.” In other words, ‘I am glad when others see me, not the chair.’

The B.B.C. (British Broadcasting Corporation) recently carried a radio series that emphasized the hurt that people unwittingly inflict upon the handicapped. Commenting on this problem, Phil, who is a quadriplegic (disabled in arms and legs), was quite forthright: “I go to a restaurant with my wife, and the waiter asks her, ‘What would he like to eat?’ Or the theatre attendant asks, ‘Where would he like to sit?’​—as if being in a wheelchair means I can’t speak. I suppose they reason that talking might put a strain on me. Even so, I find this offensive.” On the same problem, Tom says: “When a person is out in a wheelchair with someone in attendance, conversations with people encountered on the way are often at ‘stand-up’ level, and usually behind the chair. The seated one would like to be included.” Naturally!

Help That Is Appreciated

Limited mobility often keeps wheelchair people indoors more than is necessary or good for morale. A fine way to help, which also provides relief for the regular care-companion, is to invite the disabled person to come out with you on a guided tour.

This suggestion presupposes, of course, that your standard of care is acceptable. It calls for thought and understanding. Do you know how to handle the chair at street curbs, for example? Are you aware that it is dangerous and frightening to move the chair suddenly or unexpectedly? If travelling by car, do you know how to help your companion in and out? Are you sure the car seat will be suitably comfortable? Do you know where there are accessible toilets? What plans have you made to do more than just tour around? What is of interest in the area? Are descriptive brochures available? Forethought and planning will make the trip much more enjoyable for both of you.

Sometimes the disabled person does not want to leave the house, or even his bed. He may be depressed. Why not try a little gentle persuasion if his care-companion agrees? Be careful, however, to discern the cause of his reluctance. Is it really due to depression? Or could it be fear of entrusting himself to you? If the latter, do not be offended. Likely that will change as he gains confidence in you. The fact remains, however, that in most cases it is good for wheelchair people to get out of doors regularly. Your warm offer to be his companion might just lift his low spirits.

Another problem for the disabled person is to know when to assert his independence and when to seek or accept help. We all need help, yet no one likes to lose independence, to feel taken over. The disabled are especially sensitive about this. What independence they have is precious. So we need to offer help, not thrust it upon them.

Phil tells of a person who showed a fine attitude at his place of work: “Just last week a new staff member demonstrated what I thought was a superb approach while I was introducing her to our office procedures and showing her around. After I had done all of this, she asked if she could say something personal and went on: ‘Well, I do not quite know what to do with respect to your wheelchair. Do you want me to give you a push as we are going round? Or would you rather I didn’t mention it? Do you want to ask for help when you need it? Or do you want me to offer help when I anticipate that you want it? Guide me. I just want to give whatever help you want.’” Phil’s comment was: “I thought that approach was particularly mature and sensitive. As it is, I do not want to be pushed around the office, but if I was going a long way I would welcome it. I try to do the maximum I can for myself.”

Derrick, now confined to a wheelbed, makes a similar observation: “I do not seek help if I can do something for myself. Independence is a treasure, but so is the help of others because, among other things, it provides pleasant association.”

Positive Concern

“Disabled folk and those caring for them are often very independent,” says Tom. “Rather than inconvenience others, they will struggle on without asking for help. People sometimes say, ‘If you need anything, or any help, just let me know.’ That is appreciated, but even more is the offer that comes in a positive way: ‘I shall be free for a couple of hours on Wednesday. I’ll come and do any jobs you want done.’ Friends and neighbours are usually pleased to help if they know of the need. So when asked, we make our needs known.” A practical comment indeed! But when you offer to help, take care not to sound too casual, as though you had nothing to do anyway. Your visit is very important.

Not to be overlooked when thinking of the person in the wheelchair are the needs of the companion​—often the spouse, sometimes a parent or other relative. Speaking of his wife, Tom says: “She is a virtual prisoner of my disability, as I am totally dependent on her for everything, day and night. Our enforced way of life denies us many of the activities and associations that others look upon as normal. I would like this love and devotion on the part of care-companions to be given full recognition.”

So when next you meet someone in a wheelchair, think of the effort that went into getting him there, bathed, neatly groomed and dressed. A few warm words of encouragement to the companion would certainly be appreciated. And if an offer to relieve the friend for a few hours is possible, it may be very welcome.

Worthwhile Work

High on the list of things that bring satisfaction to all of us is worthwhile work. One of the problems of the disabled is that employers, too, often focus on the wheelchair. Naturally, they are concerned about competitive efficiency and extra insurance costs. Those who have accepted such difficulties, however, are frequently rewarded with conscientious and loyal service beyond normal.

For his part, Tom has found fulfillment in his Christian ministry. He says: “Although I have been unemployable secularly since 1949, Jehovah has been pleased to use me all this time. So the years have passed quickly. I have learned that even a severely disabled person can be of great service to others. My wife and I have been a sort of anchor for various ones in the congregation. Because of our circumstances we are always here, always available.”

Phil, who works on the administrative side of education, says: “The offer of immediate reemployment was one of the vitally important components in my rehabilitation. Most of the time I am not aware of being in a wheelchair. I am only aware of the job in front of me. Today there are so many vital things to be done that there is no excuse just to sit and watch the wall.”

“Don’t Write Me Off”

When a disabled person says, “Don’t see the wheelchair​—see me,” not only is he seeking recognition as an integral member of society but he is also saying, “Don’t write me off. My intellect has not diminished, nor has my zest for life. I need help, but I also want to be useful, to do my bit.” So talk with him on that basis. By giving, he will feel happier in receiving. Accept him as he is. Never refer to what he was or might have become, for he is not looking for pity. He wants to be positive, to be a doer and a giver to the extent possible. Encourage him!

Any disablement is tragic, demanding courage and fortitude from all concerned. How comforting to know, therefore, that it is but temporary! Writing of Jesus Christ’s Kingdom rule over earth, Isaiah prophesied: “Then will the eyes of the blind be opened and the ears of the deaf unstopped. Then will the lame leap like a deer, and the tongue of the dumb shout for joy.” (Isaiah 35:5, 6, New International Version) A heartwarming and sustaining prospect indeed!

But what about now? For fulfillment and satisfaction now, we must do with our might whatever our hands find to do​—even in a wheelchair. That is the confident attitude of Tom, Phil, Derrick and many more. When you meet people like these, just see and warmly respond to the person. Don’t even see the wheelchair.

[Blurb on page 13]

Not to be overlooked when thinking of the person in the wheelchair are the needs of his companion

[Blurb on page 15]

“Don’t write me off. My intellect has not diminished, nor has my zest for life”

[Picture on page 14]

Include the disabled person in the conversation

The Great Ice Bear of The Arctic

YOU don’t see me, do you? I can tell that easily from the way you’re looking directly at the ice ridge where I am without showing any sign of fear. You’re totally absorbed in the scenery​—making no move to flee as you would if you knew I was here. Since I can reach speeds of up to 25 miles per hour (40 km/​hr) in a dash, I could be where you’re standing in seconds!

Perhaps if I moved my paw from in front of my black nose you would see me, but I don’t wish to frighten you. Besides, I’ve just had a meal, so I’d rather just relax as we bears often do after dining.

While doing so, why don’t I tell you a bit about myself? It will enhance your view of this part of the planet. I am so typical of this frigid zone that I am called “the very symbol of The Arctic.”

Family Description

Since I’ve already said “we bears,” you’ve likely guessed I’m a polar bear. You know I have darker cousins to the south, although some members of my family​—grizzlies and black bears—​can also be found above the Arctic Circle.

There are notable differences between us and other bears. For example, compare our neck and head to others. See, our neck is longer and our head is smaller. Also, we are seldom on dry land as other family members are. We are sea bears. (That may be why scientists call us Ursus maritimus.) Another difference is that our diet, of necessity, is almost entirely some form of flesh.

Our color, as you know, is white with a yellow tinge. That is what made it hard for you to see me. I weigh about 1,200 pounds (544 kg), the average for an adult. Although I have some “great” uncles who got up to 1,600 pounds (726 kg) and were 11 feet (3.4 m) long! We males average about 8 feet (2.4 m) long. Females are smaller.

Where We Live

We great polar bears are right at home in the watery polar regions of the northern hemisphere. We don’t live in Antarctica, true, but then, neither do penguins come up here to the Arctic Circle. Like many international animal travelers, we wander about The Arctic in complete disregard of national boundaries. Some of us may be born in Russian territory, such as Novaya Zemlya, but may travel to Norwegian islands like Svalbard. In winter some members of my family here in Canada have been seen as far south as the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Gaspé Peninsula. Summertime, though, keeps us farther north. One relative of mine remembers seeing the U.S. nuclear submarine Skate when it surfaced near the North Pole some years ago!

What makes such nomads of us? Our search for food. So our journeys are not aimless wanderings. We are following the seasonal patterns of the Arctic Ocean. The ice-edge limits vary from season to season.

You humans may admire the skill of your long-distance swimmers, but some of us sea bears have been spotted 40 miles (64 km) and more from land. How do we do it? Our strong front paws propel us from one ice floe to another in icy seas. This foreleg swimming style is peculiar to us polar bears.

Our Adaptation to Our Habitat

Take a good look at my feet. That sole pad of hair you see on each foot gives a frictional grip that is ideal for an ice bear. Another benefit to us in finding our meals is our excellent sense of smell. We polar bears have been known to pick up the scent of blubber being burned by humans more than two miles (3 km) away. We have the best eyesight of all bears too. This combination makes up for any deficiencies in our hearing. And did you know that we have an eye membrane that protects our eyes from the blowing snow and the blinding effects of the sun in an area of so much whiteness? We don’t need sunglasses!

We are at home in the water because our body fat and dense, oily fur help to make us buoyant, as well as protect us from frigid temperatures at sea and on land. Even the hair of our coat is believed to have the effect of channeling ultraviolet light to the surface of our skin. This helps us to keep warm.

Our built-in navigational system is a blessing to us as we follow the ebb and flow of the food-supply chain during the changes in seasons. The effectiveness of our navigation is seen in the fact that some of us were taken hundreds of miles away from a garbage-dump site at Cape Churchill in northern Canada but soon found our way back! Normally, though, we hunt all winter.

Family Life

Mating time is in spring or early summer, starting when we are three or four years old. After mating, we males move on to hunt for food. In winter our females move into snow dens. Some denning areas have had as many as 200 females in them. Cubs, usually two born in December or January, are blind and not much bigger than a small rabbit. That’s a small start for an animal that can weigh over half a ton when it grows up! But we grow fast.

I can still remember life in the den​—protected from the elements outside and warmed by my mother’s body fat and the warm air trapped in a chamber higher than the entryway. It was a time to feed and grow. I still recall the taste of my mother’s warm, rich milk with its unique nutty flavor. Delicious! But that only lasted until about March. Then my mother broke through the roof of the snow den and we scrambled out into the outside world. How excited my sister and I were! By this time we weighed about 25 pounds (11 kg).

That was also the day we started our schooling. As soon as we were adjusted to the light we went right into the water with my mother and started to swim. It was natural for us. The Alaskan Eskimo has aptly named us ah tik tok​—“those that go down to the sea.” When we got tired of swimming we simply hung on to Mom’s tail and were towed! We’re trained by our mothers for life in The Arctic for about two years. Then we’re on our own​—ready to leave home and start families of our own.

We polar bears have a most beautiful place in which to live​—sculptured snow and ice, an endless sea and rugged coastlines to enjoy. Often we express our joy with a hearty roar of approval. In this environment we have a life span of more than 30 years, although we hear that some of us who have been taken to your zoos have lived for 40 years.

Well, I think I’ve rested enough. I hope you have enjoyed your visit with me. I trust it helped you learn that life wonderfully survives even in the harsh environment of the North Pole. So the next time you see a polar bear at the zoo​—don’t be fooled. The real life of The Arctic ice bear is much more fascinating. See you on your next expedition to The Arctic!

[Picture on page 18]

“My nursery was this snow den”

Crossword Puzzle

Clues Across

1. Festival commemorating Israel’s deliverance from Egypt (Exodus 12:27)

7. The people in Lystra thought Paul to be this Greek god (Acts 14:8-13)

9. Israel suffered defeat by this city due to Achan’s sin (Joshua 7:1-5)

10. Jehovah is the Supreme one (James 4:12)

11. Former name of the city of Bethel (Genesis 28:19)

12. “---- person will receive his own reward according to his own labor” (1 Corinthians 3:8)

13. One of David’s mighty men who refused to join Adonijah’s conspiracy (1 Kings 1:8)

14. Aided (Psalm 118:13)

15. What the men of Judah came to do to Samson (Judges 15:11-13)

16. The land to which Jephthah fled when driven out by his half brothers (Judges 11:2, 3)

18. One slew 185,000 Assyrians in one night (2 Kings 19:35)

20. Its author is God

22. What those unrepentantly committing badness cannot expect to receive from Jehovah (Micah 3:4)

24. A fruit of some trees (The Song of Solomon 6:11)

25. “Along with the temptation he will also make the --- ---” [2 words] (1 Corinthians 10:13)

26. What Governor Festus did on the judgment seat (Acts 25:4, 6)

27. To cover for protection (Ezekiel 16:10)

28. Satan wanted one of worship done to him (Luke 4:5-8)

29. Hebrew name of prominent Babylonian god (Jeremiah 50:2)

30. His sons were the Shuppim and the Huppim (1 Chronicles 7:12)

31. Lazarus’ sister (John 11:5, 21)

32. City where Cornelius resided (Acts 10:1)

Clues Down

1. Within this land lay the cities of Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron and Gath (Exodus 15:14)

2. Placed new each Sabbath in the Holy compartment of the temple (Exodus 25:30)

3. Name given to the place where Jacob erected an altar at God’s command (Genesis 35:1, 7)

4. The first city in Europe to hear Paul’s preaching (Acts 16:10-12)

5. Eaten by livestock (Exodus 22:5)

6. Elisha healed this city’s water supply (2 Kings 2:18-22)

8. This produces greater happiness than does receiving (Acts 20:35)

16. Paul’s trade (Acts 18:3)

17. Solomon’s mother (2 Samuel 12:24)

19. Hagar’s nationality (Genesis 16:3)

20. A pool in Jerusalem where Jesus healed a man (John 5:1-9, Authorized Version)

21. Overseer (1 Timothy 3:1, AV)

23. Fourth-named son of Aaron (Numbers 3:2)

25. Jehovah gave this to Solomon, although he did not request it (2 Chronicles 1:11, 12)

CROSSWORD SOLUTIONS PAGE 27

Answers Across

1. PASSOVER

7. HERMES

9. AI

10. LAWGIVER

11. LUZ

12. EACH

13. REI

14. HELPED

15. TIE

16. TOB

18. ANGEL

20. BIBLE

22. AID

24. NUT

25. WAY OUT

26. SAT

27. SHOE

28. ACT

29. MERODACH

30. IR

31. MARTHA

32. CAESAREA

Answers Down

1. PHILISTIA

2. SHOWBREAD

3. ELBETHEL

4. PHILIPPI

5. GRAZED

6. JERICHO

8. GIVING

16. TENTMAKER

17. BATHSHEBA

19. EGYPTIAN

20. BETHESDA

21. BISHOP

23. ITHAMAR

25. WEALTH

Young People Ask . . .

Should I Leave Home?

“Mom & Dad:

Well I’m finally leaving. As I’ve said before, I’m not doing this to spite you or get back at you in any way. I cannot be happy being confined like you want me to be. Maybe I won’t be happy this way either, but I’d just like to find out.”

THUS began a 17-year-old girl’s farewell letter to her parents. She, like many other youths, felt a need to break away and become independent. Eighteen-year-old Martin admits: “Almost every young person my age at least toys with the idea of leaving home.” But many do more than merely toy with the idea. In the Federal Republic of Germany, for example, every third girl and every fourth boy in the 15 to 24 age group now lives away from home.

God foresaw that the desire to marry would cause a person to “leave his father and his mother.” (Genesis 2:23, 24) But there are other valid reasons for leaving, such as expanding one’s service to God. (Mark 10:29, 30) Nevertheless, for some youths it is a desire for more material things that causes the break from home. Yet others simply respond to the knocking of opportunity. A young German named Horst recalls: “I was only 17. One day while I was helping a friend renovate his room, we discovered that next door a room with kitchenette was vacant. Suddenly, the thought struck me that this was my chance to move away from home too.”

But why do so many youths jump at the chance to leave?

“You Want to Be More Independent”

For many a youth, home seems intolerable. Says one young man: “It’s simply that you want to be more independent. Living at home with your parents is no longer satisfying. You are always getting into arguments, and they do not understand your needs. Besides, you feel so restricted, always having to answer to your parents for your every move.”

The apostle Paul explained: “When I was a babe, I used to speak as a babe, to think as a babe, to reason as a babe; but now that I have become a man, I have done away with the traits of a babe.” (1 Corinthians 13:11) Reasoning that you are no longer “a babe,” you may resent being treated like one. Says the textbook Adolescence: “Adolescents have a strong desire for autonomy. They want to become individuals in their own right, express their own ideas, and live lives uniquely theirs, rather than be puppets dependent on the whims of controlling adults.”

Nevertheless, though you may fancy yourself a grown-up, your parents may view matters differently. They may still see in you some of “the traits of a babe.” And though you may want the freedom to do a certain thing, your parents may see a need to restrict you.

Really, though, aren’t your parents in the best position to judge how much freedom you are ready to handle? “Listen, my son, to the discipline of your father, and do not forsake the law of your mother,” says the Bible. (Proverbs 1:8) True, parents at times may be overprotective or overrestrictive. But as one parent said about her daughter: “I worry that something could happen to her. She thinks I don’t let her go out because I don’t trust her but that’s not it. I don’t want her to get hurt.”

Is Moving Out the Answer?

What if your parents are somewhat restrictive? Instead of packing your bags, remember that you still need your parents. Why, for many years to come, you will benefit from their insight and wisdom. (Proverbs 23:22) Especially is this true if your parents are God-fearing. Should you now cut them out of your life just because you have run into a few snags in dealing with them? Rather than hurriedly moving out, wouldn’t it be wiser to try to put your relationship with them on a more adult footing?a

Consider what a young German named Karsten says on this point. His parents strongly encouraged him to remain at home until there was a real reason for him to leave. This he did until some time later when he was invited to serve as a full-time minister at the West German branch office of the Watchtower Society. He now advises other young people: “Never leave home just because you can’t get along with your parents. If you can’t get along with them, how will you ever be able to get along with other people? Moving out will not solve your problem. To the contrary, it will only prove you are too immature to stand on your own feet and will lead to greater estrangement from your parents.”

And there are other reasons why a move away from home may be unwise. Youths often find that it is not as easy to make it on their own as they might imagine. Jobs are often scarce. Rents have skyrocketed. And what are youths caught in such an economic bind inevitably forced to do? Say the authors of Pulling Up Roots: “They return home and expect parents to reassume the burden of their support.” More and more youths are being forced to take this often humiliating route. In view of the world’s wobbly economy, should you be quick to throw away the security that living at home offers?

A More Serious Danger

In Luke 15:11-32, Jesus tells of a young man who wanted to be independent. Unwilling to wait, he demanded his share of the inheritance and set out on his own. But freedom was not at all as he imagined. After traveling “into a distant country,” he “squandered his property by living a debauched life.” No longer under the good influence of his parents, he succumbed to sexual immorality with prostitutes! Employment was so hard to come by that he even took a job that Jews despised​—herding pigs.

The wasteful, or “prodigal,” son bemoaned his fate, saying: “How many hired men of my father are abounding with bread, while I am perishing here from famine! I will rise and journey to my father and say to him: ‘Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you.’” Swallowing his pride, the “prodigal” son returned home.

Although this parable was told to highlight God’s mercy, it does contain a practical lesson: Leaving home with an unwise motive can harm you morally and spiritually! Sad to say, some Christian youths embarking on an independent course have suffered spiritual ruin. Unable to stay afloat financially, some have resorted to sharing expenses with other youths whose life-style conflicts with Bible principles. Yet the Bible warns: “Do not be misled. Bad associations spoil useful habits.” (1 Corinthians 15:33) Others have used their newfound freedom to pursue wrongdoing. Horst (mentioned earlier) saw this firsthand.

He knew a youth his own age who had also left home. Says Horst: “Although not married, he began living with his girl friend. They had parties where liquor flowed freely, and he often ended up getting drunk. Had he still been living at home, his parents would have allowed none of this.” Horst concluded: “It’s true, once you leave home you have more freedom. But to be completely honest, is it not oftentimes used as an opportunity to do bad things?”

So if you yearn for more freedom, ask yourself: Just why do I want greater freedom? Is it so that I can have a better opportunity to develop initiative or spend time doing worthwhile things? Or is it so that I can have material possessions or leeway to dabble with the temptations of “forbidden fruit”? Remember what the Bible says at Jeremiah 17:9: “The heart is more treacherous than anything else and is desperate. Who can know it?” So make an in-depth search of your motives before taking the serious step of leaving.

Sooner or later, circumstances, such as marriage, will probably propel you out of the “nest” of your parents’ home. But until then, why be in a big hurry to leave? Talk it over with your folks. They may be happy to have you stay, especially if you make a real contribution to the welfare of the family. With their help, you can continue growing, learning and maturing right there at home.

[Footnotes]

[Picture on page 21]

With your parents’ help you can continue maturing at home

“Is My Child Hyperactive?”

From “Awake!” correspondent in Australia

“FROM birth she slept only a few hours, and very lightly; had bad nightmares, screaming in her sleep, banging her head on the wall. She couldn’t stand still or be held or cuddled. She would scream and kick for hours during the night. The doctor gave her sleeping mixtures, but they had no effect.” So laments the mother of Deanne, a child diagnosed as hyperactive.a

She continues: “It was obvious she was different from others, but when she started school, children and teachers complained. She was disruptive and very aggressive, always panicked if some little thing went wrong, touched everything as she walked past, ripping another child’s drawing, breaking something, scratching or pinching. Teachers complained that she couldn’t concentrate for more than a few minutes. When she was in a bad state, it seemed as though something inside was driving her mad, as she would scratch and pull at herself.”

The words in italics are some of the behavioral patterns that are associated with the syndrome of hyperactivity, MBD (Minimal Brain Dysfunction), H-LD (Hyperkinesis-Learning Disability), SLD (Specific Learning Disability), ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder). Hyperkinesia comes from New Latin and Greek, hyper, meaning “over” or “extra,” and kinesis, meaning “movement” or “motion.” About 5 percent of the school-age population is said to be afflicted, with estimates as high as 35 percent in some areas. Hence, many concerned parents wonder, Is MY child hyperactive?

What Are the Symptoms?

In assessing whether your child has this problem you may be helped by noting some of the typical symptoms of hyperactivity. (See box.) Consider: Is your child continually restless, one who rocks or bangs his head or can’t keep still? Is he usually frustrated, impulsive or exceptionally clumsy, having no sense of danger, or constantly disrupting other children for no apparent reason? Does he have trouble sleeping, showing affection or completing work assignments? Is he unable to concentrate for more than a few minutes? Does he have specific learning problems? Does he have above average intelligence, yet poor results at school?

If one or more of these symptoms apply to your child, then possibly he or she is hyperactive. Remember, though, that each child is different. There are also varying degrees of hyperactivity​—some hardly noticeable, while others are severe and clearly discernible.

Hyperactive? Or Lack of Discipline?

A word of caution before labeling your child hyperactive: Parents should examine to see if their child’s naughty or delinquent behavior is due to negligence on their own part in administering discipline in a consistent, firm and yet loving way. Many children will become frustrated, irritable, stubborn and disruptive when they can’t get their own way. One of the world’s greatest authorities on human behavior said: “Children just naturally do silly, careless things, but a good spanking will teach them how to behave.”​—Proverbs 22:15, Today’s English Version.

However, with a hyperactive child a spanking may not be a solution and may in fact provoke a worse tantrum, because, as one doctor stated: “Their behaviour is beyond their control.” Thus the reaction to discipline can be another clue as to a child’s condition. The mother of such a child explains: “Other people came to me saying, ‘Your son did this,’ ‘Your son did that.’ The main consensus amongst our friends was that he needed a good hiding. What a laugh! The poor little mite, he had so many of them it’s a wonder he survived.”

It appears that hyperactive children don’t respond to discipline as other children do, whether that discipline be in the form of reasoning, depriving or a spanking. They will do the same thing immediately after discipline. This is easily detected if a parent has several children and administers the same discipline to all. So discipline is not necessarily the answer for a hyperactive child.

A suggestion that may help those with only one child to determine if their child is hyperactive or just needs discipline is this: Leave your child for a day with a friend, perhaps the mother of several children herself, and ask her honest comments afterward. Sometimes children who are trialsome at home with Mum show amazing cooperation and obedience when placed with a firm but loving friend. If this is the case, it would seem that your child may not be hyperactive. It may be that he just needs firm but loving discipline instead.

Can Diet Change Matters?

If after an honest appraisal in the matter of discipline you still feel that your child could be hyperkinetic, some doctors suggest it may be advantageous to change his diet. This diet change, devised by the late Dr. Ben Feingold, is based on the theory that hyperactivity is the result of eating certain substances​—some natural, some artificial—​that are presumed to affect about 50 percent of hyperactive people. In essence, these substances are toxic to some individuals and disturb certain brain functions that affect behavior.

According to Dr. Feingold’s investigations, the culprits are found in certain fruits and vegetables in their natural state and are also present more seriously in artificially colored and flavored foods. Thus the recommended diet for hyperactive people is designed to eliminate potentially harmful compounds that might be responsible for producing hyperactive behavior. Reports indicate that some parents have had good results with this method. However Dr. Feingold only claims that about 50 percent of his hyperactive patients are helped by a diet change.

The opening account, regarding Deanne, is a case where the diet method was applied. After telling of a doctor’s diagnosis of Deanne’s hyperactive condition, her mother continues: “About four years ago we were told of the Feingold diet. We found it hard to control, but we did see a difference. During the last year she has made a big change. She’s much calmer, can sit and read or work for an hour or so. She can also play well with other children, can concentrate and won’t react badly to some upset. She’s more patient.”

Does Sugar Have an Effect?

In connection with diet, it has been found that children who show signs of hyperactivity, such as lassitude, tension, nervousness, fatigue, irritability, emotional imbalance and uncontrollable behavior, could be suffering, even slightly, from hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar.b Glucose deficiency is usually attributed to an excess of insulin, which removes glucose from the blood at a faster rate than it can be replaced. The brain function depends on a constant supply of glucose from the blood. Hypoglycemia impairs the efficiency of the brain and hence behavioral disorders result. A craving for starchy, sweet things may indicate low blood sugar.

This hypoglycemic diet eliminates not only artificial colorings and flavorings but most sugars, especially cane sugar. Sugar is dangerous to the hypoglycemic person because it causes a sudden rise in blood sugar and that triggers the release of too much insulin to counteract it. Dr. Allan Cott, in an article on “Treatment of Learning Disabilities,” stated in this respect: “It has been the universal observation of those investigators who assess the child’s nutritional status that they eat a diet which is richest in sugar, candy, sweets, and in foods made with sugar. The removal of these foods results in a dramatic decrease in hyperactivity.” Thus some medical authorities counsel that sugar-based foods and drinks are not advisable for hyperactive children.

Take the case of four-year-old Beky​—she was impatient, irritable and frustrated, especially toward the end of the day. A sugar-free diet was recommended to her mother, who reports: “It takes more control on the part of the parents than on the part of the child. But it is worth the effort to have a happy, calm daughter. The whole family benefits! Just going off sugar helped my daughter’s behavior.”

Environmental Pollution​—Another Cause?

The British medical journal The Lancet states: “It seems reasonable to infer . . . that raised levels of lead (not necessarily in the toxic range) present over a long period could be responsible for the minimal brain damage that may be present in the hyperactive syndrome.” Later findings testify to this also.

Hence, environmental pollution, especially high lead levels released into the atmosphere primarily through the exhausts of heavy motor-vehicle traffic, could possibly be a cause of the increase of hyperactive children in our cities.

Can Prenatal and Birth Experiences Cause Hyperactivity?

There are children who do not respond to dietary measures. A reason other than the ones already discussed must be sought. Ashley Montagu, author of the book Life Before Birth, refers to the crucial molding stage of the individual when he says: “Life begins, not at birth, but at conception. This means that a developing child is alive not only in the sense that he is composed of living tissues, but also in the sense that from the moment of his conception, things happen to him. . . . The events that take place before his birth, and his reactions to them, will influence him for the rest of his life.” During the first three months after conception when major organs are being formed, the emotions of the mother, such as fear or unusual stress and anxiety, can affect the physical development of the child.

The initial birth experience of an infant has also been considered an important factor in hyperactivity. One research investigator wrote: “The hazards confronting the fetus mount to a climax during the hours of labor. Birth is the most endangering experience to which most individuals are ever exposed.” A complicated and hazardous birth process coupled with hypoxia, a deficient oxygen supply, are held responsible for the more subtle neurotic effects that may show up later on in life when the person is subjected to additional stress.

Well, then, in relation to minimal brain damage associated with prenatal stress or oxygen starvation at birth, are drugs the answer? It is true that stimulant drugs are used to control severe cases of hyperactivity. Regarding the use of drug medication in hyperactivity, a U.S. advisory panel of 15 specialists “agreed that the medications did not ‘cure’ the condition, but the child may become more accessible to educational and counseling efforts.” However, they also concluded that “stimulant medications are beneficial in only about one-half to two-thirds of the cases in which use of the drugs is warranted.” On the other hand, psychologist James Swanson cautions that 40 percent of those who have hyperkinesia shouldn’t get drugs at all. Therefore, parents would need to be cautious in accepting drug treatment that in actual fact is not a cure for hyperactivity. One parent whose son had been on drug therapy for six months before being on a restricted diet said: “We realize now, that drugs were no magic wand in improving Richard’s ability to learn. What it required was a personal sacrifice of our time to help him.”

Behavior therapy, with emphasis on encouragement, commendation and reward when reasonable goals are achieved, may be a slower yet more effective and lasting way to aid hyperkinetic children. A conducive family atmosphere and consistency on the part of parents is a must. Just as important is a deep love for the suffering child, for without it any therapy would be doomed to failure.

In conclusion, then, what is the answer? Is your child hyperactive? He may well be. However, first make sure that the supposed hyperactivity is not in fact a lack of discipline. Try firm, consistent discipline in a loving, united home atmosphere. Then make sure your child isn’t existing on a diet of junk food, eating artificially colored, flavored and highly sugared foods. If these methods fail, further medical tests may be needed to determine the exact cause of your child’s hyperactivity.

[Footnotes]

[Blurb on page 24]

Is your child hyperactive or does he need discipline?

[Box on page 26]

SOME SYMPTOMS OF HYPERACTIVITY

1) Constant motion and fidgeting; during infancy, crib rocking and head knocking.

2) Unpredictable behavior; easily frustrated; very demanding.

3) Difficulty in falling asleep; light sleeper; bad nightmares.

4) Limited concentration span for any activity.

5) Aggressive and disruptive to others; wants to touch everything and everybody.

6) Obstinate even in activities that harm himself; even after discipline may do the same thing again.

7) Bites nails; picks and tears skin; scratches himself.

8) Antisocial tendencies​—lying, stealing, fighting, disobedient, withdrawn, abusive.

9) Unable to control his behavior pattern.

(This guide based on The Feingold Handbook)

[Picture on page 25]

Stresses during pregnancy and childbirth may induce hyperactivity in the child

From Our Readers

Resisting Rapists

Thank you for the article “They Resisted Rapists.” (February 22, 1984) Eleven years ago I was attacked by the son of people I cleaned house for. I was only 16 years old at the time. I remembered that I must scream and not give in to him. I bit his lip and tried to scream but he yanked my hair and put his hand over my mouth. I tried to bite again and I also prayed to Jehovah to help me in my fight. I kept struggling until he suddenly got up and sat in a chair, staring at me. Then he left the house. I feel that it is important to note that he wasn’t a total stranger to me. It is good for women to be on their guard and think ahead as to what they would do if such a nightmare should ever befall them.

C. H., Illinois

I was deeply disturbed by the article “They Resisted Rapists.” I am very upset that anyone would even consider a victim of rape guilty of fornication. The scripture at Deuteronomy that you quote only requires that the woman scream, not fight to the death!

C. W., Indiana

Thank you for your article “They Resisted Rapists.” I really appreciated its fine counsel to “use our lungs,” and treat the rapist respectfully. I also found enlightening the experiences of those women who resisted the rapist successfully.

T. C., Florida

Your article “They Resisted Rapists” disturbed me very much. I was raped by a man who attacked me with a knife. I could only scream once because of being choked and having a large hand pressed against my mouth. I fought until I was unconscious. Because I survived, it disturbs me that it is fornication on my part. You say to show a rapist respect. These men show no respect for their victim. They don’t care that they are shattering a woman, leaving in her memory horror for the rest of her life. Unless you have personally experienced the horror of this crime, you can never truly understand.

A. G., Massachusetts

For the victim to be considered guilty of fornication there would need to be proof of willing consent. Apparently the requirement of Deuteronomy 22:25-27 for the woman to resist by screaming would clear her from any suspicion of such consent on her part. The value of resisting was emphasized by University of Illinois sociologist Pauline Bart who made a study of women who foiled rapes. In her studies, as reported in “The Edmonton Journal” of Canada (November 10, 1983), she states: “By fighting back, a woman significantly increases her chance of avoiding rape . . . Not resisting is no guarantee of humane treatment.” She further stated: “Raped women who used physical strategies were less likely to be depressed than raped women who did not physically resist their assailants.” As to showing respect for the potential rapist, it is not that he deserves it, but treating him civilly might help to elicit a considerate response and serve as a means for the potential victim to get out of a very dangerous situation.​—ED.

Watching the World

“Significant” Earthquakes Up

● There were 70 “significant” earthquakes worldwide in 1983, according to the United States Geological Survey. “This was 14 more than in 1982 and 20 more than in 1981, but just one less than in 1980,” said geophysicist Waverly Person. An earthquake is called significant if it reaches a magnitude of 6.5 on the Richter scale, or if it causes casualties and considerable damage. The agency’s report stated: “During the past decade, nearly three-quarters of a million people were killed by earthquakes, including estimates of more than 600,000 deaths in a major earthquake in China in 1976.”

Aerosols Innocent?

● Scientists working at Faraday Base in British Antarctica claim to have demolished the theory that the use of aerosol cans harms the earth’s atmosphere, reports The Daily Telegraph of London. For some time it has been thought that the fluorocarbons in aerosols weaken the ozone layer that protects the earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation. For years now, the scientists have been measuring and recording the amount of radiation reaching the earth in Antarctica. Noting no appreciable increase in it, they have concluded that the ozone layer has not been weakened and that aerosols are innocent after all. “The discovery will prove embarrassing to members of the United States Congress and the European Parliament who, in the 1970s, passed measures severely restricting the use of aerosol sprays,” says the Telegraph.

Anorexia Nervosa Increasing

● Anorexia nervosa is an emotional illness where a person refuses to eat. Despite the attention it has been receiving, it is spreading at an alarming rate, according to Dr. Stewart Agras of Stanford University. About 4,000 Americans, he says, are starving themselves at the present time, and 2.3 million more have the disorder called bulimia, where victims induce the vomiting of their food. “Our recently collected studies show a doubling of anorexia every decade for the past 30 years,” Agras said. A person is considered to be suffering from the disorder when body weight falls to 25 percent below normal. It mainly afflicts women​—nine women for every man—​and will result in death for 5 percent of its victims, most of whom are bright teenagers from affluent families. “Why do these otherwise intelligent young people who seem to have everything to live for become obsessed with what, in effect, becomes a slow death?” asks Dr. Agras. One factor, he feels, is the current preoccupation with dieting.

Joseph’s Secrets Sought

● “Almost 4,000 years after Joseph of the Old Testament saved the ancient Egyptians from starvation by stockpiling grain in the desert,” says the New Jersey Sunday Herald, “Israeli scientists are puzzling over his methods in hopes of offsetting famine in drought-ridden 20th century lands.” Working together with Israel on the project is the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which, according to Professor Moshe Kalderon, head of the research effort, has “a lot of wheat to sell.” Experimenting with a white-domed tent that houses 550 tons of wheat, the scientists are trying to figure out how Joseph stored the grain during the seven years of plenty and the seven years of famine so as to keep out insects and moisture. The Bible does not state how he did it.

Space Race

● U.S. President Ronald Reagan has approved a plan to put a permanently manned space station in orbit by 1992. As reported in Maclean’s magazine, the president’s announcement was made in an address “that was rich with nationalistic rhetoric and grand designs for colonizing outer space.” Five men and two women​—specialists in their respective fields—​are to make up the initial crew, but this is expected to increase as the space station expands. The space shuttle is to be used to carry the parts and equipment into orbit. The cost? An expected $8 billion to start and perhaps exceeding $30 billion by the end of the century. The plan is not without opposition. According to the National Academy of Sciences, there is “no scientific need” for the station. Some say the experiments proposed can be accomplished by unmanned satellites at a fraction of the cost. Others lament the cost at a time when social programs are being cut because of tremendous budget deficits. National prestige is stated to be the only justification for the station. Said Reagan: “We can be proud to say we are the first, we are the best.”

“Hurry-Up Disease”

● “Hurry-up disease” claims millions of people as its victims, says Dr. Gershon Lesser, a cardiologist at the University of Southern California. It is a “real pathological entity,” he states, that leads to a number of illnesses, including colds, flu and heart disease. As reported in the newspaper USA Today, Lesser cites how people today are constantly on the rush: to and from work, eating, doing chores and even on vacations. “People in a constant state of rush are in a chronic chemical state of emergency,” he says. “They’re experiencing a ‘rush’ of adrenaline that overtaxes the cardiovascular system, placing ultimately a life-threatening strain on the heart.” To avoid paying the price of a heart attack, which often occurs in middle age, he advises learning to relax, planning activities so that hurrying is unnecessary, concentrating efforts on real priorities and not being intimidated by matters left unfinished.

Torah Registration

● Torahs, handwritten copies of Moses’ writings of the first five books of the Bible, have been disappearing from Jewish synagogues in the United States. Over 200 of the sacred scrolls​—each costing an average of $25,000—​have been stolen in the past three years. Few have been recovered, as they all look basically the same once the covers and posts are removed. Since Jewish law prohibits visible markings on the scrolls, previous identification attempts have been largely unsuccessful. Now, after three years of research, authorities have come up with a system that is acceptable. A registration system is being put into operation in which each Torah will be uniquely coded in ten locations by “micro-perforations”​—eight holes so small they are invisible to the naked eye but can be read with police equipment. A computerized record of all Torahs thus registered will be kept for immediate access to law-enforcement agencies.

Halfpenny Halts

● After a history of 704 years, the British halfpenny coin will no longer be minted and is slated to be withdrawn as legal tender at the end of the year. Introduced in 1280 by King Edward I and originally made of silver, the halfpenny has shrunk in size and value to the point where people will not bother to pick the coin up when it is dropped. Since the copper coin now costs more than its face value to mint, and prices are usually raised or lowered by at least a penny, no one has tried to save the coin from extinction. Over 2.5 billion are currently in circulation.

Fly Swatting

● Why is it so difficult to swat a fly successfully? Because it only takes a thousandth of a second for the fly’s eye to relay the information to its brain. Now, E. G. Gray of London’s National Institute for Medical Research says, there is a better way. As reported in Changing Times, he advises approaching the fly with a piece of tissue in the palm of each hand and holding each hand at an equal distance from the fly. Then, moving slightly to and fro, clap both hands on it. Why does it work? According to Gray, the fly’s brain will only let it respond to movement from one sector of its field of vision. “Two simultaneously approaching swats render the fly immobile,” says Gray, “for its central nervous system now cannot compute at which angle to take off.”

Surviving “Drowning”

● “Everybody used to assume that when a person drowned that was it, he was dead,” says Dr. Robert Pozos of the University of Minnesota, an expert on hypothermia. “Now we know that even after total submersion in cold water for up to one hour a person has a chance to survive and that every effort should be made to revive him.” The biological phenomenon responsible is called the “mammalian diving reflex,” which is triggered by water temperatures below 70° F. (21° C.). It diverts blood away from the surface areas and extremities of the body and sends it to protect the heart and the brain. At the same time, the rapid cooling of the body plays a major part in preserving the functioning of vital organs. The brain’s metabolic rate drops swiftly, drastically reducing its need for oxygen. Recent cases where children have survived “drowning” without brain damage or other ill effects​—even though pronounced clinically dead and lacking vital signs of life—​have taught doctors not to give up on submerged victims suffering from hypothermia.

Ancients Best

● Herod’s engineers of 2,000 years ago have solved a problem for modern Israeli builders. As reported in the Sun-Telegraph of London, the breakwater built in 1971 at the port of Ashdod was eroding and crumbling. Unable to solve the problem, the engineers turned to the Haifa University maritime center. It, in turn, examined the breakwater that was built by King Herod at Caesarea, some 50 miles (80 km) north of Ashdod. “We found that Herod’s engineers had built their breakwater with more advanced technique and foresight than used at Ashdod,” said Mr. Avner Rahand of the university. Following the ancient method in which they first paved the ocean floor with stones and pebbles for a solid, impregnable foundation, the Ashdod breakwater was reconstructed and is reported to be holding up well.

Parts Costly

● Did you ever wonder why more and more cars are considered a total loss after an accident? According to the Alliance of American Insurers, it is because the replacement parts are so costly. The cost of replacing all the parts of a $7,128 imported subcompact car is said to be $26,787​—the price of a luxury car! Mathematics notwithstanding, this is one case where the whole does not equal the sum of the parts.

Check Hospital Bills

● It may be a good idea to check your next hospital bill before paying it. According to a recent audit taken by Equifax Services, a risk management company that serves insurers, there is a good possibility that you will be overcharged. As reported in Family Weekly magazine, 93 percent of the hundreds of bills checked in 40 states​—each for over $10,000—​contained errors. Three fourths of the errors were found to be either duplicate charges or billings for services never performed.

Teach Children With Tape Recordings

The minds of children are like sponges. They absorb what they hear, and they repeat what they hear. How fine it is when they want to listen to what is wholesome and beneficial! Parents who have obtained the cassette tapes of My Book of Bible Stories are now enjoying this experience. The tapes of this marvelous publication really hold young ones’ attention.

Since the tapes of the 116 accounts in My Book of Bible Stories give the listener an idea of what the Bible is all about, what a truly marvelous way this is to teach young ones! The album with the four cassettes is only $8 (U.S.).

Please send me, postpaid, the brown vinyl album with the four cassette tapes of My Book of Bible Stories. I enclose $8 (U.S.).

You Are Invited to Attend The “Kingdom Increase” District Convention of Jehovah’s Witnesses

It begins this month. All sessions are free. Hear the principal talk “A Government That Accomplishes What Man Cannot.” The convention program also features helpful Bible discussions on practical matters of life, and two instructive Bible dramas. Attend a convention near you at any location listed below:

United States

June 14-17: CICERO, IL, Hawthorne Race Course. GREENSBORO, NC, Greensboro Coliseum. GREENVILLE, SC, Greenville Memorial Auditorium. JACKSONVILLE, FL, Memorial Coliseum, Gator Bowl Sports Complex. LOS ANGELES, CA (Japanese & sign language also), Dodger Stadium. LOUISVILLE, KY, Broadbent Arena, Kentucky Fair & Exposition Center. MONROE, LA, Civic Center Arena. NEW HAVEN, CT, Veterans Memorial Coliseum. PINE BLUFF, AR, Convention Center. ST. LOUIS, MO, The Arena. ST. PETERSBURG, FL, Bayfront Center. SPRINGFIELD, IL, Convention Center Arena. TUCSON, AZ, Community Center. WHEELING, WV, Civic Center. WILMINGTON, DE, Delaware Park Race Track.

June 21-24: AUGUSTA, GA, Civic Center Arena. BIRMINGHAM, AL, Civic Center Coliseum. CICERO, IL, Hawthorne Race Course. DENVER, CO, McNichols Sports Arena. GREENVILLE, SC, Greenville Memorial Auditorium. HUNTINGTON, WV, Civic Center Arena. LOUISVILLE, KY, Broadbent Arena, Kentucky Fair & Exposition Center. MADISON, WI, Dane County Memorial Coliseum. MIDLAND, TX, Chaparral Center, Midland College. NEW HAVEN, CT, Veterans Memorial Coliseum. NORTH FORT MYERS, FL, Lee County Civic Center Arena. OGDEN, UT, Dee Events Center. PINE BLUFF, AR, Convention Center. PONTIAC, MI, Silverdome. PORTLAND, ME, Cumberland County Civic Center. ST. PETERSBURG, FL, Bayfront Center. SAN FRANCISCO, CA, Cow Palace. TACOMA, WA, Tacoma Dome. TUCSON, AZ (Sign language also), Community Center. WHEELING, WV, Civic Center. WILMINGTON, DE, Delaware Park Race Track.

June 28–July 1: BATON ROUGE, LA, Assembly Center, Louisiana State University. BEAUMONT, TX, Civic Center Assembly Hall. CICERO, IL (Sign language also), Hawthorne Race Course. DENVER, CO (Sign language also), McNichols Sports Arena. GREEN BAY, WI, Memorial Arena. GREENSBORO, NC, Greensboro Coliseum. HUNTINGTON, WV, Civic Center Arena. LANDOVER, MD, Capital Centre. MACON, GA, Macon Coliseum. MADISON, WI, Dane County Memorial Coliseum. MOBILE, AL, Municipal Auditorium. NORTH FORT MYERS, FL, Lee County Civic Center Arena. PORTLAND, ME, Cumberland County Civic Center. RENO, NV, Centennial Coliseum. ROANOKE, VA, Civic Center. ST. PETERSBURG, FL (Sign language also), Bayfront Center. SAN FRANCISCO, CA, Cow Palace. SPRINGFIELD, MA, Civic Center. TACOMA, WA (Sign language also), Tacoma Dome. WICHITA, KS, Kansas Coliseum. WILMINGTON, DE, Delaware Park Race Track.

July 5-8: BATON ROUGE, LA (Sign language also), Assembly Center, Louisiana State University. BILLINGS, MT, Yellowstone Metra. CHATTANOOGA, TN, U.T.C. Arena. CICERO, IL, Hawthorne Race Course. CROWNSVILLE, MD (Korean only), Jehovah’s Witnesses Assembly Hall, Sunrise Beach Rd. HAMPTON, VA, Hampton Coliseum. HOUSTON, TX, Astroarena. LANDOVER, MD (Sign language also), Capital Centre. LINCOLN, NE (Sign language also), Devaney Sports Center. LONG ISLAND CITY, NY (Italian only), Jehovah’s Witnesses Assembly Hall, 44-17 Greenpoint Ave. LOUISVILLE, KY (Sign language also), Broadbent Arena, Kentucky Fair & Exposition Center. MACON, GA (Sign language also), Macon Coliseum. OKLAHOMA CITY, OK, Myriad. RENO, NV, Centennial Coliseum. ROCHESTER, NY, Memorial Auditorium. ST. PAUL, MN, Civic Center. ST. PETERSBURG, FL, Bayfront Center. SAN ANTONIO, TX (Spanish only), Convention Center Arena. SAN FRANCISCO, CA (Sign language also), Cow Palace. SPRINGFIELD, MA (Sign language also), Civic Center. TALLAHASSEE, FL, Civic Center Arena.

July 12-15: CICERO, IL (Spanish & Greek only), Hawthorne Race Course. DES MOINES, IA, Veterans Memorial Auditorium. GLENS FALLS, NY, Civic Center. HAMPTON, VA, Hampton Coliseum. HIALEAH, FL (Spanish only), Hialeah Park Race Course. HOUSTON, TX, Astroarena. LONG ISLAND CITY, NY (French only), Jehovah’s Witnesses Assembly Hall, 44-17 Greenpoint Ave. LOUISVILLE, KY, Broadbent Arena, Kentucky Fair & Exposition Center. MEMPHIS, TN, Mid-South Coliseum, Mid-South Fairgrounds. MIAMI, FL (French only), Tropical Park Stadium. NATICK, MA (Portuguese only), Jehovah’s Witnesses Assembly Hall, 85 Bacon St. PULLMAN, WA, Performing Arts Coliseum. RENO, NV, Centennial Coliseum. ROCHESTER, NY, Memorial Auditorium. SAN ANTONIO, TX (Spanish only), Convention Center Arena. SAN DIEGO, CA, Jack Murphy Stadium. SAN FRANCISCO, CA, Cow Palace. SAVANNAH, GA, Civic Center Arena. SPRINGFIELD, MA, Civic Center.

July 19-22: AMARILLO, TX, Civic Center Coliseum. EL PASO, TX (Spanish only), Special Events Center. ERIE, PA, Convention Center Arena. GLENS FALLS, NY, Civic Center. HOUSTON, TX, Astroarena. LONG ISLAND CITY, NY (French only), Jehovah’s Witnesses Assembly Hall, 44-17 Greenpoint Ave. LOS ANGELES, CA (Korean only), Jehovah’s Witnesses Assembly Hall, 4310 Degnan Blvd. LOS ANGELES, CA (Spanish & Chinese only), Dodger Stadium. MEMPHIS, TN, Mid-South Coliseum, Mid-South Fairgrounds. RICHFIELD, OH, The Coliseum. SALEM, OR (Spanish only), Salem Armory Auditorium. SAN FRANCISCO, CA, Cow Palace.

July 26-29: FT. WORTH, TX, Will Rogers Memorial Arena. RICHFIELD, OH (Sign language also), The Coliseum.

August 2-5: ELMONT, NY (Spanish only), Belmont Park Race Track. FT. WORTH, TX (Sign language also), Will Rogers Memorial Arena.

August 9-12: ELMONT, NY, Belmont Park Race Track. FT. WORTH, TX, Will Rogers Memorial Arena.

August 16-19: ELMONT, NY (Sign language also), Belmont Park Race Track.

August 23-26: ELMONT, NY, Belmont Park Race Track.

Canada

June 28–July 1: BRAMPTON, ONT. (Spanish only), Assembly Hall of Jehovah’s Witnesses, Hwy 7, 1 Mile West of Mississauga Rd., Norval, Ont. OTTAWA, ONT., Civic Centre Arena. ST. JOHN’S, NFLD., Memorial Stadium. WINNIPEG, MAN., Winnipeg Convention Centre.

July 5-8: CAMPBELLVILLE, ONT. (Korean also), Mohawk Raceway. KAMLOOPS, B.C., McArthur Island Sports Centre. LONDON, ONT., Grandstand Western Fairgrounds. MONTREAL, QUE. (French and Italian only), Le Palais des Congrès de Montréal. PRINCE GEORGE, B.C., Kin Centre Arenas I & II. REGINA, SASK., The Agridome, Exhibition Grounds. VANCOUVER, B.C. (Korean also), Pacific Coliseum.

July 12-15: BRAMPTON, ONT. (Portuguese only), Assembly Hall of Jehovah’s Witnesses, Hwy 7, 1 Mile West of Mississauga Rd., Norval, Ont. CAMPBELLVILLE, ONT. (Chinese also), Mohawk Raceway. HALIFAX, N.S., Halifax Metro Centre. VICTORIA, B.C., Victoria Memorial Arena.

July 19-22: BRAMPTON, ONT. (Greek only), Assembly Hall of Jehovah’s Witnesses, Hwy 7, 1 Mile West of Mississauga Rd., Norval, Ont. CALGARY, ALTA., Olympic Saddledome. PENTICTON, B.C., Peach Bowl Convention Centre. QUEBEC CITY, QUE. (French only), Colisée, Parc de l’Exposition. SAINT JOHN, N.B., Lord Beaverbrook. TORONTO, ONT. (Italian only), International Centre.

July 26-29: SUDBURY, ONT., Garson Community Centre.