December 8

Page Two

The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society was founded 100 years ago to preach the message of God’s Kingdom government by Christ. What are some of the highlights of its history? Why was it bitterly opposed in the United States during World War I? Why did it suffer repression in Europe during World War II? Is it equipped to complete its commission as a Bible society? Read our opening series for the answers

Publishing the Word in a Big Way 3

Modern Inventions Used to Publish the Good News 5

Bitter Opposition in North America 9

Nazi-Fascist Attacks on Witnesses 12

100 Years Old and Stronger Than Ever! 15

Publishing the Word in a Big Way

100 YEARS

“JEHOVAH’S Witnesses Print the ‘Word’ in a Big Way.” That is how the American trade magazine In-Plant Reproductions described the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society’s printing and publishing operations. It continued: “Utilizing volunteers, this in-plant prints millions of pieces in 190 languages.”

“They come to this in-plant from all over the United States and the world,” explained the writer. “They are trained from scratch on the latest printing equipment by experienced professionals, and if they stay for any length of time, they get . . . an education. . . . They’re not in it for the money.”​—Italics ours.

“They’re not in it for the money”? That may surprise some people who believe that no one would work as hard as Jehovah’s Witnesses without being paid to do so.

From its legal incorporation 100 years ago, on December 13, 1884, under the laws of Pennsylvania, the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society has been totally devoted to “the dissemination of Bible truths in various languages by means of the publication of tracts, pamphlets, papers and other religious documents,” as expressed in its original charter. Furthermore, the Society is incorporated in accordance with the Nonprofit Corporation Law of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Thus, by law, it cannot be a profit-making enterprise.

No individual can personally profit through this Society since Article V of the Society’s charter states: “It [the Society] does not contemplate pecuniary gain or profit, incidentally or otherwise, to its members, directors or officers.” All who work at the New York headquarters of the Society receive the same basic provisions of board, lodging and a small monthly allowance​—whether they be the 14 members of the Governing Body or volunteers working in the printery, in cleaning operations or at the Society’s farms. There are no salaried clergy.

All of the more than 3,000 volunteers pursue the purpose for which the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania exists​—“to preach the gospel of God’s kingdom under Christ Jesus unto all nations as a witness to the name, word and supremacy of Almighty God JEHOVAH; to print and distribute Bibles and to disseminate Bible truths in various languages . . . to improve men, women and children mentally and morally by Christian missionary work and by charitable and benevolent instruction of the people on the Bible.”​—Quoted from the Society’s charter.

Have They Done It?

In the 100 years that have elapsed since December 13, 1884, has this Bible Society effectively fulfilled its chartered purpose to preach the gospel of God’s Kingdom to all the nations? The very fact that you have this magazine in your hands, regardless of where you live in the world or what your language is, gives a simple “Yes” to that question. Back in 1879 some 6,000 copies of The Watch Tower were published monthly in English only. Now every issue over 10 million copies of The Watchtower are published in 102 languages, and about 9 million copies of Awake! in 54 languages.

But has this Society really been a “Bible Society”? Since 1896 it has published seven different versions of the Bible, including the King James and American Standard versions. However, the outstanding achievement in the field of Bible publication has been the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, first released in part in 1950 and as a complete volume in 1961. This has now been translated, in whole or in part, into ten other languages. A total of 40 million copies have been printed in the last 23 years.

The Most Significant Movement of the 20th Century

Jehovah’s Witnesses are now preaching in 205 lands and in some 190 languages. There are more than 670,000 Witnesses in the United States and over 100,000 each in the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Mexico, Nigeria and Brazil. The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society has branch offices and printeries spread around the world. Without a doubt this 100-year-old Bible Society is stronger and more active than ever! For this, the credit must go to Jehovah God.​—Zechariah 4:6.

But why should you be interested in Jehovah’s Witnesses and their growth? Precisely because they are the only Christian group that is in fact ‘preaching the good news of God’s Kingdom in all the earth before the end comes.’ (Matthew 24:14) Since, according to Bible prophecy, God is going to intervene again in man’s affairs and bring an end to the present corrupt system of things, it means that Jehovah’s Witnesses are in fact the most significant world movement of the 20th century for man’s salvation. That is why we believe you should examine their teachings and practices with an open mind.​—Luke 21:34-36; 2 Peter 3:8-13; Ezekiel 33:6-9; Isaiah 43:9, 10.

But you might ask, How has this 100 years’ achievement been accomplished? How has it been possible for Jehovah’s Witnesses to become a world movement during the past century?

Modern Inventions Used to Publish the Good News

100 YEARS

WOULD you have enjoyed living 100 years ago? Certainly life was very different then. There was no electricity in the homes, no radio, no TV. There were no automobiles on the streets. Travel was by horse-drawn coach, steam train or ship​—no planes. Instead of three to seven hours to cross the Atlantic, it took two to three weeks. But it also marked a period of great inventions that would soon change the old way of life.

‘In Six Months It Will Be a Lot of Junk’

The year 1884 was special for several reasons. Interestingly, the history book The People’s Chronology carries two significant references for that year. The first states: “The Linotype typesetting machine patented by German-American mechanic Ottmar Mergenthaler, 30, will revolutionize newspaper composing rooms.” The second is: “The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society is founded by Charles Taze Russell to publish his books, pamphlets, and periodicals. Russell . . . preaches that the world is on the brink of annihilation in a monstrous battle of Armageddon.”

What relationship could there be between these two historical items? During 36 years, from 1884 onward, the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society had millions of Bible publications printed by outside printers. But in 1920 the Society decided to do its own magazine printing. This advance also meant that eventually Linotype typesetters had to be acquired. Mergenthaler’s 1884 invention for quicker type composition had been a boon to the printing trade and now it was an enormous aid in speeding up the publishing of the good news.

In 1922 the Society decided to do its own printing of books and Bibles. Local printers and bookbinders were not impressed. A report states: “A complete outfit of typesetting, electroplating, printing and binding machinery, most of it new, was obtained. The president of one important printing concern that had been doing much of the Society’s work saw the equipment and said: ‘Here you are with a first-class printing establishment on your hands, and nobody around the place that knows a thing about what to do with it. In six months the whole thing will be a lot of junk; and you will find out that the people to do your printing are those that have always done it.’”

Was that businessman’s pessimism vindicated? To the contrary, the volunteer workers at the Society’s headquarters learned fast. At first they could only bind 2,000 books a day. By 1927 that figure had risen to 12,000 a day​—but with one further advantage! When the books were printed by outside firms they were costing the public 50 to 75 cents. Off the Society’s presses, and printed by volunteer laborers, the books were produced and distributed for 25 cents each! Was the purpose that of making profits? The above figures speak for themselves.

The Advent of Phonographs and Movies

In 1887 Thomas Edison invented the first motor-driven phonograph playing cylindrical wax records. In that same year Emile Berliner went one better by using a flat disc and a horizontally moving needle. Thus was born the phonograph, or record player. Parallel to this there were great strides in the making of motion pictures. In 1896 the United States witnessed its first public screening of a silent movie.

Just 16 years later the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society made use of these two inventions to give more impetus to the preaching of the Kingdom message. In 1912 work was started on an ambitious pioneering project. The publication Where Else but Pittsburgh! said of it: “The first epic motion picture. It was called ‘The Photo-Drama of Creation,’ and although it appeared 15 years before other sound pictures were produced, it offered a combination of motion and still pictures synchronized with a recorded lecture. It was in four parts, running a total of eight hours, and was viewed by some 8,000,000 people.” It served to give a tremendous witness from 1914 onward.

Marconi’s Invention Transmits Good News

Guglielmo Marconi received the first wireless signal from across the Atlantic in 1901. But it was not until 1920 that KDKA, the world’s first radio station to operate on a daily schedule, began to broadcast from East Pittsburgh. So what a surprise for many in the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware when in April 1922 they heard the voice of J. F. Rutherford, then president of the Watch Tower Society, presenting a lecture with the theme “Millions Now Living Will Never Die.” The novelty of it all can be seen from the headline in the Philadelphia Record: “Judge Rutherford’s Lecture Broadcasted from Metropolitan Opera House. Talks into Transmitter. Message is Carried Over Miles of Bell Telephone Wires to Howlett’s [Radio] Station.”

The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society was quick to see the possibilities for rapid transmission of the Kingdom message by radio, which was growing in popularity. Thus in 1922 the Society purchased land on Staten Island, New York City, to build its own radio station. A government license was obtained and the Society’s station was assigned the call letters WBBR. The first broadcast was made on Sunday, February 24, 1924.

This was just the beginning of the Watch Tower Society’s use of radio. By 1925 another radio station, call sign WORD, was broadcasting Bible truth from Batavia, Illinois. Eventually worldwide networks of radio stations were set up to broadcast recorded Bible programs and discourses. By 1933, the peak year, 408 stations were being used to carry the message to six continents!

In 1957, after 33 years of broadcasting, the Society sold WBBR. Why the change of policy? Because there were now many congregations of Jehovah’s Witnesses in the area covered by the station, and they were able to give a more effective person-to-person witness by calling at the homes of the people. (Acts 20:20) Furthermore, the station and programs tied up manpower and money that could be better used in other ways, especially in the missionary field. For similar reasons television has been used sparingly.

Preaching With Phonographs

The use of records on the radio led to another innovation​—preaching from house to house with the phonograph! In 1934 the Watch Tower Society promoted this use of portable phonographs and 78-rpm discs for house-to-house preaching, using a brief Bible message. Special lightweight portable phonographs were designed at the Society’s Brooklyn headquarters and 20,000 were manufactured at the Brooklyn plant! So when the Society withdrew from the use of commercial radio stations in 1937, the phonograph work helped to bridge the gap.

However, by 1944 Jehovah’s Witnesses had become more qualified in personal presentations of oral sermons, so the phonograph work was phased out. Like radio, that invention had served its purpose.

A Unique System

Just as the Linotype typesetter had been a revolutionary boon to the printing world in 1884, so was the combination of offset printing and phototypesetting that gathered momentum in the 1960’s. Practically overnight, photocomposition made the hot-lead typesetting process obsolete. To illustrate the advantage of phototypesetting, a 600-page book that would normally have taken a year to typeset by the old method was phototypeset in 12 hours!

The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society was watching developments in this field and entered phototypesetting when most of the problems had been worked out of the system. Since 1978 the Society has been printing on rotary offset presses and has developed its own multilanguage computerized, prepress system called MEPS, or Multilanguage Electronic Phototypesetting System.a It is one of the most advanced, fully automated prepress systems in the world.

Why has the Society become deeply involved in computerization, to the point of having its own research laboratory? The prestigious Seybold Report on Publishing Systems gives a clue, saying: “The extraordinary multi-lingual requirements of Watchtower would have meant a great deal of customization, perhaps even redesign, for any vendor. . . . The Watchtower’s printing and publishing operations produce hundreds of millions of copies of books and pamphlets each year. The fact that these publications are produced in scores of different languages for worldwide distribution is the cause of some unusual typesetting problems.”

These problems are being resolved by Jehovah’s Witnesses to the point that by January 1, 1985, the Watchtower magazine’s contents will be published simultaneously in most major languages. With this tremendous advance, over 90 percent of the world readership will be getting vital Bible information at the same time.

Another Helpful Aid

For many years a serious barrier in many countries has been illiteracy or semiliteracy. This has prevented many sincere people from getting to know the Bible personally. Although the Watch Tower Society has sponsored literacy classes for decades all over the world, it saw the need of making use of yet other technological advances to spread Bible knowledge​—tape recorders and tape cassettes. Therefore the Society set up a tape-duplication department in Brooklyn, starting in 1978. Since then, over 18 million cassette recordings have been produced!

Recording studios were prepared for the special needs of recording Bible readings, Bible dramas and Christian music. As a consequence all the congregations of Jehovah’s Witnesses around the world can sing their Christian songs to the same recorded piano music. There are also symphonic versions of this same music, called Kingdom Melodies, that are popular worldwide. Many people, including the blind, are getting a deeper appreciation of the Bible from listening to the cassette recordings of Bible books in their own languages, in addition to having available publications in Braille.

Recently, a Florida businessman who sells tape-manufacturing machinery wrote the following after visiting the Watch Tower Society’s tape-duplicating complex: “Needless to say, I was quite impressed by your complete operation. I have never seen a factory as clean and as efficient as yours. I suppose people work better and take more pride in what they are doing when they have a different means of motivation other than money.”

The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society’s 100-year record proves that it has made good use of new inventions to accomplish its chartered purpose to preach the good news of God’s Kingdom government worldwide. But this has not been without violent opposition from religious and political enemies. It is a unique story of religious persecution on a world scale, as you will see from the following articles.

[Footnotes]

[Picture on page 6]

These inventions were used to spread the Kingdom message

[Picture on page 7]

Advances in technology have had a worldwide effect

Bitter Opposition in North America

100 YEARS

“IF THEY have persecuted me, they will persecute you also.” “People will lay their hands upon you and persecute you . . . You [will be] haled before kings and governors for the sake of my name . . . , and they will put some of you to death; and you will be objects of hatred by all people because of my name.”​—John 15:20; Luke 21:12-17.

Jesus’ words, quoted above, clearly indicate that his true followers would be persecuted. But why? He answers: “If you were part of the world, the world would be fond of what is its own. Now because you are no part of the world, but I have chosen you out of the world, on this account the world hates you.”​—John 15:19.

Has this been the case with those ministers representing the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, Jehovah’s Witnesses? If so, what are the reasons why they have been persecuted? Has it been for meddling in politics or for taking sides in religious wars and revolutions? What does the record of the last 100 years indicate?

Early Opposition in the United States

For 32 years (1884-1916) the president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society was Charles Taze Russell. He was a fearless preacher and a prolific writer. He boldly denounced and refuted the Trinity doctrine, the immortal soul and eternal hellfire teachings. At one time Russell’s sermons were being featured every week in some 3,000 newspapers in the United States, Canada and Europe. Consequently he was under constant attack, mainly by the clergy. Many of his enemies stooped to personal attacks in an attempt to discredit him. How did he view these slanderers? He once said: “If you stop to kick at every dog that barks at you, you’ll never get very far.”

He decided not to waste a lot of time and money in the courts, which would only give more publicity to his clergy opposers. He believed in the rule that Jesus laid down: “For there is not a fine tree producing rotten fruit; again there is not a rotten tree producing fine fruit. For each tree is known by its own fruit. . . . A good man brings forth good out of the good treasure of his heart.” Russell preferred to let the good fruitage of his ministry vindicate him.​—Luke 6:43-45.

“Some Will Grow Angry”

Yet the greatest opposition arose shortly after Russell died. During his lifetime he had published a series of Bible study volumes called Studies in the Scriptures. It had been his intention to write a seventh and final volume, or, as he said, “If the Lord gives the key to someone else, he can write it.” Russell died in 1916, and the seventh volume, called The Finished Mystery, was then completed by the Brooklyn headquarters staff and released in July 1917. Within a few months it had reached a circulation of 850,000 copies.

The book was a stinging exposure of Christendom’s clergy class and of the political manipulation of patriotism to justify mass murder by both sides in the world war. The preface to the book stated: “Some will murmur and find fault with this book; some will grow angry, and some will join the persecutors.” The blow that fell on the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society was very severe. How did it come about?

In April 1917 the United States declared war against Germany and thus became an active participant in World War I. The British Empire, including Canada, was already embroiled in that war. This combination of events along with a few paragraphs in The Finished Mystery gave the clergy their opportunity to try to smash this Bible Society.

On February 12, 1918, the Canadian government banned the Watch Tower Society! What could be the reason? A press dispatch explained: “The Secretary of State, under the press censorship regulations, has issued warrants forbidding the possession in Canada of a number of publications, amongst which is the book published by the International Bible Students Association [the Watch Tower Society’s branch name in Canada], entitled ‘STUDIES IN THE SCRIPTURES​—The Finished Mystery.’ . . . The possession of any prohibited books lays the possessor open to a fine not exceeding $5,000 and five years in prison.”​—Italics ours.

Who Was Behind the Attack?

Later the Winnipeg, Canada, Tribune stated: “Excerpts from one of the recent issues of ‘The Bible Students Monthly’ were denounced from the pulpit a few weeks ago by Rev. Charles G. Paterson, Pastor of St. Stephen’s Church. Afterward Attorney General Johnson sent to Rev. Paterson for a copy of the publication. The censor’s order is believed to be the direct result.” (Italics ours.) Evidently some patriotic clergymen had promoted this attack.

In the United States, a district court in New York issued a warrant for the arrest of the Watch Tower Society’s new president, J. F. Rutherford, and seven of his close associates. They were accused of “the offense of unlawfully, feloniously and wilfully causing insubordination, disloyalty and refusal of duty in the military and naval forces of the United States of America . . . [by] distributing and publicly circulating throughout the United States of America a certain book called ‘Volume VII. Bible Studies. The Finished Mystery.’”

In the midst of war fever and inflamed patriotism, the eight accused were submitted to a travesty of court proceedings that ended with seven of them, including lawyer Rutherford, each being sentenced to four concurrent terms of 20 years’ imprisonment. The eighth individual accused was sentenced to 10 years. Since appeals had been lodged, bail was requested. Catholic Judge Manton refused their request.

After nine months in the Atlanta penitentiary, the Watch Tower officials were finally released on bail pending their appeal. It was later shown that the original trial contained at least 125 errors, of which only a few were needed to have the erroneous convictions reversed. Thus J. F. Rutherford and his associates were exonerated. In fact, he went on to practice law before the Supreme Court of the United States, which would have been impossible if he had been convicted of any crime.

The Clergy and Mob Violence

However, these events unleashed a wave of persecution to which the clergy eagerly added fuel. Here was their chance, with the excuse of patriotism, to crush the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society once and for all, they thought.

A report informs us: “In a town in the State of Oregon the Mayor and two clergymen organized a mob, chased one of the lecturers of the [International Bible Students] Association out of the city and followed him to a neighboring town. The lecturer escaped, but the mob caught the friend who accompanied him and covered him with a coat of grease and tar. . . .

“At Los Angeles clergymen made their boasts that the Bible Students would be arrested and held without bond. Some of these clergymen went about to owners of apartment houses and tried to induce the owners to dispossess tenants who are members of the International Bible Students Association. . . .

“April 22, 1918, at Wynnewood, Oklahoma, Claud Watson was first jailed and then deliberately released to a mob composed of preachers, business men and a few others that knocked him down, caused a negro to whip him and, when he had partially recovered, to whip him again. They then poured tar and feathers all over him.”

Yet did this combined opposition by religious and political elements finish off the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society? To the contrary. In September 1919, six months after J. F. Rutherford and his companions were released from prison, a general convention of the Bible Students was convened in Cedar Point, Ohio. There J. F. Rutherford announced the publication of a new magazine to be called The Golden Age. Over the years, that publication fearlessly exposed “the god of this system of things,” Satan, and his threefold instrument for enslaving mankind​—false religion, beastly politics and big business. The Golden Age (later named Consolation) pointed to God’s Kingdom by Christ as the only legitimate government for all mankind.​—2 Corinthians 4:4.

Today that same magazine is called Awake!, the very publication you are reading. It now circulates in 54 languages to the tune of nearly 9 million copies each issue. Its companion, The Watchtower, banned in many countries during the difficult years of World War II, now has an average printing of 10,200,000 copies in a total of 102 languages! That is the widest language distribution of any magazine in the world. These facts are proof that after 100 years of publishing and persecution, the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society is stronger than ever!

[Picture on page 10]

The clergy used the book The Finished Mystery to incite persecution

Nazi-Fascist Attacks on Witnesses

100 YEARS

THE violence against the Witnesses in the United States was in fact mild compared to what, a few years later, began to take place in Nazi Germany and Fascist Spain and Italy. In 1933 Adolf Hitler began his 12-year dictatorship of Germany. With little or no delay, repressive measures were taken against groups that did not submit to Nazism.

In April 1933 the Nazi police occupied the Watch Tower Society’s factory in Magdeburg with a view to finding evidence that would implicate the Society with communism. That attempt failed. Yet the storm troopers returned in June, closed down the factory and raised the swastika flag over the building. On June 29 this action was reported to the German nation by radio. The German Lutheran Church cooperated with the Nazis and rejoiced in the ban against the Earnest Bible Students, as the Witnesses were also known in Germany.a Lutheran minister Otto stated: “The first results of this cooperation can already be reported in the ban today placed upon the International Association of Earnest Bible Students and its subdivisions in Saxony.” The battle against Jehovah’s Witnesses was on!

To the Concentration Camps!

Sticking to Jesus’ rule of being separate from the world, Jehovah’s Witnesses in Nazi Germany refused to vote in the elections. The Nazis submitted them to public humiliation. Max Schubert from Oschatz, Saxony, was put on procession in a horse-drawn wagon with a sign held by storm troopers, saying, “I am a scoundrel and a traitor to the Fatherland, because I did not vote.” He was paraded through the streets to the public chanting of, “Where does he belong?” The mob’s answer? “In a concentration camp!” Very soon thousands of Witnesses were consigned to those infamous camps. What were conditions like there?

An official British government publication on the state of things in Germany shows that already in 1933 “flogging and torture were the order of the day, and it was common knowledge in Germany that the National Socialist [Nazi] movement was taking terrible vengeance on those who had the temerity to oppose it.” One ex-prisoner, who suffered at the Buchenwald concentration camp, stated: “The working hours were sixteen per day, Sundays and week-days alike. During these hours it was forbidden to drink, even in the hottest weather. . . . The work, of course, consists in moving heavy stones, often far beyond the strength of even a normal well-fed man.”

At that time, according to the British report, there were about 8,000 men in the camp, including “1,500 Jews and 800 Ernste Bibelforscher (International Bible Students). . . . Jewish prisoners wrote and received letters twice a month. The Bible Students were allowed no communication with the outside world . . . Herr X spoke with the highest respect of these men. Their courage and religious faith were remarkable, and they professed themselves ready to suffer to the uttermost. . . . Deaths took place daily in the camp.”

Another ex-prisoner from Buchenwald explained the reception that prisoners got at the “new City of Sorrow.” They were greeted outside the camp by superintendent Rödl with the words: “Among you are some who have already been in gaol. What you tasted there is nothing to what you’re going to get here. You’re coming inside a concentration camp, and that means you’re coming into hell. . . . We’ve only got two kinds of punishment in this camp, the lash and the death penalty.”

The concentration camps reaped a ghastly crop of millions of lives, victims of a perverted political philosophy. These people were systematically degraded, stripped of their dignity and then destroyed. Is it possible to imagine the personal agony and suffering of each one of those millions of victims?

“This Brood Will Be Exterminated!”

Some were not only victims but also martyrs, for they could have obtained their release. That was the case, according to one source, with the 10,000 Witnesses, men and women, who were victims of the sadism and brutality that Hitler and his S.S. henchmen had organized. Those Witnesses were given the opportunity to sign a paper renouncing their religion and thus go free. Very few accepted.​—See The Nazi State and the New Religions: Five Case Studies in Non-Conformity, by Dr. Christine E. King.

Of the 10,000, about 2,500 never did go free, according to the above source​—they died in Dachau, Belsen, Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, Ravensbrück, Auschwitz, Mauthausen and other camps—​faithful to their God, Jehovah, and their exemplar, Christ. Aside from those who were gassed, many died as a result of beatings, starvation and medical experimentation. Others, including women, were executed by being hanged, beheaded or shot. Why? Because they would not violate their Christian neutrality by serving in Hitler’s armed forces or by attributing salvation to Hitler. They kept themselves separate from the world and were faithful to the end.​—Matthew 24:13.

In 1934 Jehovah’s Witnesses in Germany and in other countries sent telegrams to Hitler protesting his brutal treatment of the Witnesses. An eyewitness reports that when Hitler heard of this he “jumped to his feet and with clenched fists hysterically screamed: ‘This brood will be exterminated in Germany!’” Now, 50 years later, has the “brood” been exterminated?

To the contrary, they are stronger than ever. But Hitler and his Nazism have been defunct some 39 years. In contrast, there are now over 107,000 active Witnesses in the Federal Republic of Germany, plus thousands more under ban in the German Democratic Republic. The “brood” has not been exterminated. It has multiplied! They are stronger than ever!

Fascism Tries to Stop the Witness

Remember that Jesus said: “Because you are no part of the world, . . . on this account the world hates you.” This has applied to Jehovah’s Witnesses not just in Nazi Germany but all around the world​—because they have stood by Christ’s principles and example.

Prior to World War II they were also banned in Italy. When the Catholic Church signed a concordat with Mussolini’s Fascist government in 1929, it initiated a period of religious repression that stifled contact between the Watch Tower Society in Brooklyn and the Witnesses in Italy. One group of 25 faithful Italian Witnesses was given sentences ranging from 2 to 11 years in prison. Some did not complete their sentences. Why not? Because fascism fell first and the Witnesses were released.b

After the war, in 1946, there were 120 Witnesses in Italy, associated with 35 small congregations. What is the situation today? Jehovah’s Witnesses are now the second largest religion in Italy, with over 115,000 active Christians associated with about 1,600 congregations​—yes, stronger than ever!

A similar story could be told about many countries. For example, in 1959 the Ministry of the Interior in Spain gave the following instructions to the General Director of Security regarding the activities of Jehovah’s Witnesses: “Consequently, and for the purpose of radically stopping the further development of the evil described, Your Excellency should send a circular [to all Police Headquarters] . . . in which you should order, not just the simple vigilance of these activities, but the adoption of measures that would result in their being stamped out.”​—Italics ours.

A renewed wave of persecution swept through Spain and continued until 1970. Hundreds of Witnesses were fined or imprisoned simply for studying the Bible, preaching to others or remaining neutral on political issues. Were the Witnesses and their activity stamped out? To the contrary​—in 1970 they were reluctantly given legal recognition. Whereas in 1959 there had only been about 1,400 Witnesses, in 1970 there were 11,000! Now, just 14 years later, there are over 56,000 Witnesses organized into more than 840 congregations! The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society has a fine branch headquarters near Madrid where the Watchtower and Awake! magazines are being printed for the Iberian Peninsula. So did the wave of Nazi-Fascist attacks up to and during World War II stamp out Jehovah’s Witnesses? No, they are stronger than ever!

[Footnotes]

[Picture on page 13]

Many Witnesses died in the infamous concentration camps

100 Years Old and Stronger Than Ever!

100 YEARS

THE Watch Tower Society is still under ban or restriction in some countries where true religious freedom does not exist. Does that mean that the good news of God’s Kingdom government is not being preached in those nations? When the Christian apostles were banned by the Jewish clergy, how did they react? They said: “We must obey God as ruler rather than men. And we are witnesses of these matters, and so is the holy spirit, which God has given to those obeying him as ruler.”​—Acts 5:29, 32.

Therein lies a vital point. Jehovah’s Witnesses have prospered and are now stronger than ever, even where restricted, thanks to the guidance and protection of God’s holy spirit. Certainly, as a neutral and peace-loving people, they appear also to be the most vulnerable. They have no political influence or allies to defend them. Then how have they been able to survive and prosper?

The God of the Bible answers. “‘Any weapon whatever that will be formed against you will have no success, and any tongue at all that will rise up against you in the judgment you will condemn. This is the hereditary possession of the servants of Jehovah, and their righteousness is from me,’ is the utterance of Jehovah.” “‘Not by a military force, nor by power, but by my spirit,’ Jehovah of armies has said.”​—Isaiah 54:17; Zechariah 4:6.

100 Years Old and Stronger Than Ever

By the end of 1918 there were just a few thousand active Witnesses around the world, and their Bible literature was being published in some 17 languages. As we have seen, from 1933 to 1945 the Watch Tower Society went through another difficult period of persecution in many countries. Even in the United States, where freedom of worship is protected by law, Jehovah’s Witnesses have legally defended their right to preach the good news of God’s Kingdom. (Philippians 1:7) In the Supreme Court of the United States they won 21 decisions favorable to their worship and principles. After World War II ended, there were 141,606 Witnesses active in 68 lands compared with 71,509 at the outbreak of the war. In 1945 a total of 186,137 people attended the annual Memorial celebration of Christ’s death.

How do the Witnesses fare 39 years later? There are now more than 2,670,000 Witnesses preaching in 205 countries and some 190 languages. The Memorial attendance for 1984 was about 7,000,000. That is greater than the population of the majority of the nations of the world!

Do Jehovah’s Witnesses take credit for this? No. While they accept the responsibility of preaching the good news of the Kingdom, they recognize that ‘God keeps making it grow.’​—1 Corinthians 3:6, 7.

My Guitar, My Music and My God

OCTOBER 30, 1963, was a very special day for me. At 7:30 p.m. I was to be the guitar soloist at a two-hour classical music program, to be held in Montevideo’s principal theater. Much publicity had been given to this event, which was also to be broadcast throughout Uruguay.

That morning I awakened with much nervous tension due to the prospect of facing a large and demanding audience. As the hours seemed to drag on much slower than usual, this nervous strain kept building up. But once I was in front of the audience I would need complete control of my nerves in order to concentrate clearly on the intricate finger-work. Many prospective concert musicians have failed, victims of their own nerves. In some cases mental blackouts occur or even slight cases of amnesia. Besides that, the concert guitar is a very ungrateful instrument. It gives you away immediately. The slightest error in the transmittal of delicate tones is easily perceived even by the most inexperienced ear.

The Concert Ordeal

About 6:30 p.m. the audience begins to arrive. Included are professional musicians, many guitar enthusiasts, professors and teachers of music, music students and fans, as well as the general public. All have one thing in common​—the desire to enjoy a delightful musical concert. They also expect a high standard of musicianship. It is good to see that there are still many people who appreciate soft melodious harmony in contrast to strident cacophonous rock music.

It is now 7:20 p.m. Suddenly someone knocks on the dressing-room door and reminds me that in five minutes I must appear on stage. This is the first of three notices. The next one comes at three minutes, and the third when there is only one minute before curtain time. Why this nerve-racking countdown? Well, since local radio stations are to transmit the concert throughout most of the country on a chain network, logically the “On the Air” signal must be perfectly synchronized with the actual starting time.

One minute to go! By this time nervous tension has built up tremendously. The lights in the main part of the auditorium are turned off. Now only the stage is totally illuminated. I hear a voice calling out my name and saying: “You may go on stage now.”

This is the crucial moment. My heart throbs violently as if trying to leap out of my chest. I walk quickly to the center of the stage behind the closed curtain. The curtain opens, I step forward, and as is customary, the audience receives me with warm applause. This allows me to begin to relax and release some of the nervous tension. Audience communication becomes easier.

The Moment of Truth

Before starting I make a quick trial run over the strings for a final check on the fine-tuning of the instrument. Now I slowly begin to play the first part. During these first few bars my hands shake and tremble. Little by little they become steady and gradually come under full control. The musical tones are becoming sharper, clearer, neater and more exact. By the time I get to the second piece the insecure feeling and shakiness have almost entirely faded away.

I sense that the phrasing of short passages, the many different delicate tones, the dynamic force, and also the general fullness or body of sound volume have improved remarkably. The attentive crowd seems to strain in complete silence to catch every note. Their enthusiastic final applause assures me that I have passed the test.

The plaudits and cheers might appear to crown my efforts. But what was it that compelled me to continue facing the public? Was it the applause, plaudits and autograph hunters that moved me to repeat this procedure many times? Could it be only a matter of selfish ego or personal vanity?

How I Became a Concert Guitarist

When I was just a child an invisible force seemed to grip me. It was my inner drive to be a musician. My musical vocation became apparent at the early age of five. I was always wanting to play the guitar. My parents did not pay much attention to this. They thought it was just some whim or passing fancy. Five more years passed before they took me more seriously. So I began formal guitar studies at the age of ten.

When I was 15 years old I began to make public appearances. Then in 1959 I won my first contest, coming off in first place in the annual show put on by a Belgian international organization. In the year 1961 I again took first place in a competitive show organized by the three principal musical institutions of Uruguay. Public appearances became frequent.

In 1964 I traveled to the United States along with a pianist. There we presented a series of concerts in Washington, D.C. On returning home in 1965 I continued to develop my musical career. I was constantly fulfilling engagements on a variety of radio and television stations. I became well known and was recognized almost everywhere I went in Uruguay.

Spiritism Failed to Satisfy

Prior to this time I practiced a spiritist religion. I even served as a medium and healer. However, my greatest interest and sincere desire was to get to know God better. But when I received obviously contradictory “communications” from the occult world, this raised some serious doubts and undermined my faith in spiritism. The chaos that reigned during these spiritist meetings made it clear to me that the true God could not approve of such practices. So I quit spiritism without renouncing my search for the truth.

In 1965 I had an offer to travel throughout Europe making personal appearances in many principal cities, something that I had always wanted to do. However, about that time I cultivated a close friendship with a guitar teacher. This friendship led to great changes in my career and my relationship with our Creator.

Harmony in the Bible?

My ideas about God and the Bible were vague and confused. But when my guitar-teacher friend visited me things began to change. We developed the custom of regularly meeting together to play music and chat about current events. Subjects for discussion included religion and politics. Although he had been an atheist, he decided to study the Scriptures. For that reason he had accepted a weekly home Bible study with two young missionaries of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Knowing of my keen interest in learning about God, he invited me to attend. Gladly I accepted.

We studied the booklet “This Good News of the Kingdom.” But I had so many questions that little progress was made in the booklet itself. Nevertheless, I immediately recognized that this was the truth that I had been searching for. Discordant, confused teachings of false religion were replaced with logical harmonious truth. It was like music to my ears. How elated I was to learn about Jehovah, to know what had caused wickedness and that the only workable solution to man’s problems was through God’s Kingdom! I shuddered in horror when I realized how dangerous it had been to work directly with the demons as their medium in the past.​—Deuteronomy 18:9-13; Isaiah 8:19.

When I began studying with Jehovah’s Witnesses, Myriam, my fiancée, took up studying with the Adventists. When visiting each other we always exchanged ideas about what we were learning. She was surprised at how much more I had learned about subjects such as the Trinity, hell, resurrection, the Kingdom and others. All she learned during the same time was to “keep the Sabbath.” I found out that the Sabbath law was given exclusively to the Israelites and not to anyone else. (Psalm 147:19, 20) It was fulfilled and ended with Jesus’ death. (Ephesians 2:14-16; Colossians 2:16, 17) I helped Myriam to understand this point and she decided to quit the Adventists and begin studying with the Witnesses.

We got married in 1967 and both symbolized our dedication to Jehovah by water immersion in 1970. Sadly, my teacher friend who was very instrumental in guiding me to the truth did not continue.

A New Scale of Values

As one of Jehovah’s Witnesses, I learned a new scale of values. Within my imperfect limitations I began to see things as Jehovah sees them. This caused me to reconsider my goals in life and to make important adjustments. I analyzed my life’s musical career in the light of my newly formed relationship with Jehovah. I pondered over the great amount of time that was consumed in preparing for concerts, traveling and in my many public appearances. How could this help me fulfill my dedication to my Creator?

My future as a concert guitarist was very promising. But now something had happened to change all of this. All those great prospects now paled into insignificance and lost importance, when I considered Jesus’ words, “Go therefore and make disciples of people of all the nations.” I weighed the matter of which would be more important for my audience​—to listen to a guitar concert or to hear the good news of God’s Kingdom? Making the kind of melody that praises Jehovah and brings life to its hearers is far more rewarding to all. My guitar produces a momentary uplift and joy, but what I now have to say and teach from God’s Word can bring permanent benefit.​—Matthew 28:19, 20.

My Bible-trained conscience caused me to make a vital decision. I decided it would be better for me to abandon my career as a concert guitarist. I do not regret canceling my contracts, including my theatrical tour of Europe. I did not feel it was right to say: “I’ll serve you Jehovah, but first let me do all these other things I am interested in doing, and when I am through there I’ll come back and then be faithful to you.”​—Luke 9:57-62.

As might be expected, this decision brought severe criticism. Most of my relatives, friends and also important personages in the music world felt that my mind was becoming confused. Little did they realize that my mind was just getting straightened out from its former confused condition. They mistakenly concluded that my new religion had prohibited me from continuing with my concerts. It was difficult to get them to see that my decision was a personal one. My conscience moved me to take up the far more urgent work of preaching and other Christian activities. Attending Christian meetings and engaging in the preaching work would be virtually impossible while on a concert tour.

My Music and My Worship

My joy and satisfaction as a Christian since dedicating my life to Jehovah have far surpassed all that I ever experienced during the time when concerts meant everything to me. It has been a real joy and privilege to help many other people come to know the beautiful ‘sound of truth,’ which is far more durable than the ‘sound of music.’ Besides preaching regularly in the homes of interested persons and from the platform, my many duties as an elder in the Christian congregation have kept me occupied and have filled my life with worthwhile activity. In reality, my life’s vocation has undergone a radical change. My musical activity has been put in its proper place in my life, since I am now “seeking first the Kingdom.”​—Matthew 6:33.

How did we manage to live without my concert career? For a few years I served as professor on the Faculty in the Arts Institute. In 1977 I was chosen to sit on the board of five judges during an international guitar contest in Pôrto Alegre, Brazil. At the same time I conducted classes in the International Seminary of Music there.

In 1980 we moved to Spain where I now give private guitar lessons. In this manner my guitar helps to maintain my wife and me in our service to Jehovah. From time to time I have made melody to praise Jehovah by forming part of the orchestra used at Christian assemblies. Needless to say, at Christian social gatherings I can limber up my fingers on my ten-stringed guitar, and my friends seem to enjoy it.

In the new system of things, which God will bring soon, there will be more time for developing natural abilities and talents to the rich enjoyment and pleasure of God and man. Physical and mental perfection with eternal life will allow us to reach goals and accomplishments impossible to comprehend or conceive of now. Music in the New Order will serve to praise the Creator, not to glorify the musician or the composer.

I share the sentiments of psalmist and musician-composer David, who said: “Cry out joyfully, O you righteous ones, because of Jehovah. On the part of the upright ones praise is fitting. Give thanks to Jehovah on the harp; on an instrument of ten strings make melody to him. Sing to him a new song; do your best at playing on the strings along with joyful shouting.” (Psalm 33:1-3) I try to do my best to Jehovah’s praise both in preaching and in playing my ten-stringed guitar.​—As told by Herman Pizzanelli.

[Pictures on page 18, 19]

I used to perform on TV . . . . . . Now I play for my friends

Crossword Puzzle

Clues Across

1. Given to Jehovah to satisfy or restore a violated right [2 words] (Leviticus 6:1-7)

9. Priest sent by King Zedekiah to request that Jeremiah pray for the kingdom of Judah (Jeremiah 37:3)

10. What the firstborn is said to do to the womb (Exodus 13:2)

11. Mentioned among the enemy forces that would assault unfaithful Jerusalem (Ezekiel 23:22, 23)

12. Because of this, Adam could literally call Eve “bone of my bones” (Genesis 2:22, 23)

14. One who extends hospitality (Romans 16:23)

16. The Caesar to whom Paul appealed (See ad 272.)

17. One would not get a scorpion in place of this (Luke 11:12)

18. Each tabernacle panel frame had two, joining them together (Exodus 26:17)

20. Abbreviation for a group of 12

21. One of seven trees foretold to prosper under paradisaic conditions (Isaiah 41:19)

22. He and ten other valiant Gadites joined David’s army in the wilderness (1 Chronicles 12:8-15)

23. A small quantity (1 Samuel 14:29)

26. To make secure (Daniel 12:4)

27. Mutilate (Matthew 15:30)

30. Sick (Mark 1:34)

31. “Take the sandals --- your feet” (Acts 7:33)

32. Achan’s father (Joshua 7:1)

33. Leather writing material (2 Timothy 4:13)

34. To be acquired with wisdom (Proverbs 4:5, 7)

Clues Down

2. This Judean king’s reign witnessed an unusually great earthquake (Zechariah 14:5)

3. Four of these discovered that the Syrians who had besieged Samaria had fled out of fear (2 Kings 7:3-8)

4. Attaining (Genesis 39:4)

5. No quarreling arose over this third well that Isaac had dug (Genesis 26:19-22)

6. A gold one would look out of place in a pig’s snout [2 words] (Proverbs 11:22)

7. It occurs after Zechariah in many English Bibles [3 words]

8. Ancient Oriental gesture of hospitality [3 words] (John 13:6)

13. Became father to (Matthew 1:1, 2, King James Version)

15. This giant Amorite king of Bashan was defeated by the Israelites (Deuteronomy 3:1-5, 11)

17. The father of Naarai, one of David’s mighty men (1 Chronicles 11:26, 37)

19. Those whom Samson said he would become like if his head were shaved [2 words] (Judges 16:17)

20. One cannot be above his teacher (Matthew 10:24)

24. Unlawful (Romans 13:13)

25. Sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet

28. To look after (Luke 10:40)

29. Made by melting and casting (Nahum 1:14)

CROSSWORD SOLUTIONS PAGE 27

Answers Across

1. GUILT OFFERING

9. ZEPHANIAH

10. OPENS

11. KOA

12. RIB

14. HOST

16. NERO

17. EGG

18. TENON

20. DOZ

21. ASH

22. ATTAI

23. BIT

26. SEAL

27. MAIM

30. ILL

31. OFF

32. CARMI

33. PARCHMENT

34. UNDERSTANDING

Answers Down

2. UZZIAH

3. LEPERS

4. FINDING

5. REHOBOTH

6. NOSE RING

7. BOOK OF MALACHI

8. WASHING OF FEET

13. BEGAT

15. OG

17. EZBAI

19. OTHER MEN

20. DISCIPLE

24. ILLICIT

25. PI

28. ATTEND

29. MOLTEN

Young People Ask . . .

How Can I Improve My Grades?

“A FINE young lady, intelligent and a hard worker too. You couldn’t ask for more!!!” So read one girl’s report card under the section for “Teacher’s Comments.” And a glance at her honor grades explained her teacher’s enthusiasm. Here was one teenager who didn’t dread bringing home her report card!

But while grades aren’t everything they are useful indicators of your progress in school.a And no doubt you feel like Ivan, a teenager, who said: “I want to learn something. I don’t just want to go to school to sit in class passing time.” (Italics ours.) How, then, can you earn respectable grades while in school?

“I Didn’t Want to Get Too Smart”

What is your attitude toward school achievement? Some actually fear getting good grades. Roslyn (13 years old) said: “I answered questions just enough to get by with my grades​—I didn’t want to get too smart.” Why? “I was really worried about what the boys would think. If I was answering too many questions, they would say ‘ . . . She knows everything!’” Another youth similarly recalls: “I didn’t want any of them to think I was trying to be better than they were.”

A reputation for being smart may indeed not put you high in the popularity polls. In fact, surveys show that among high school students, the athlete is far more esteemed than the brilliant student. The brainy one may even find himself under attack from others. Mike, who attends a school where students are grouped according to ability, says: “The kids in the ‘lower’ levels don’t get any homework​—the teachers know they won’t do it anyway. So they laugh at us kids in the ‘higher’ levels because we get all the homework!”

Should you therefore play dumb? That may increase your popularity in some quarters but what about in the long run? How will your parents feel if your schoolwork doesn’t reflect your abilities? And might mediocre grades even close the door to future opportunities, such as employment? Youths who discourage you from​—or even ridicule you for—​doing your best show themselves to be jealous and insecure. Such jealousy is ‘animalistic’ and “vile” according to the Bible. (James 3:14-16) Why sink to such a level by catering to their jealousy? Is it even worth associating with youths who encourage you to do inferior work? The Bible counsels: “He that is walking with wise persons will become wise, but he that is having dealings with the stupid ones will fare badly.” (Proverbs 13:20) So avoid those who would try to hold you back from studying. Learning is far more important than pleasing “stupid ones.”

Set Goals for Yourself

Even youths that want to do well, though, often have negative feelings about themselves. They imagine themselves as helpless as “a wave of the sea driven by the wind and blown about” when it comes to doing well in school. (James 1:6) According to teacher Linda Nielsen, such ones tend to “blame their poor performances [in school] on sources beyond their control: unfair test questions, a prejudiced teacher, bad luck, fate, the weather.” Throwing up their hands in discouragement they say, ‘What’s the use? I’m no genius. I’ll probably fail anyway.’

However, neither “genius” nor “luck” are the secrets to good marks. Teen magazine recently polled some high-achieving high school students. Their secret? “Personal motivation helps you keep going,” said one. “Putting yourself on a schedule and organizing your time,” said another. “You have to set goals for yourself,” said yet another. Yes, how good your grades are depends for the most part, not on factors beyond your control, but on YOU​—how hard you are willing to work.

Why not, therefore, set for yourself grade goals that are commensurate with your ability? (No doubt your parents will have much to say about what grades they feel you are capable of attaining.) As high-school teacher and writer Barbara Mayer writes in The High School Survival Guide: “Students who set realistic academic goals, and then believe they can reach them, will probably surprise even themselves with their success.”

So if your grades are not up to par, don’t shift the blame to your teachers or the school. As one writer put it, students “often fail because they are trying to get something for nothing.” Or as the Bible put it: “The lazy one is showing himself desirous, but his soul has nothing.” (Proverbs 13:4) Yes, sometimes the real culprit behind sagging grades is laziness. The remedy? Old-fashioned study and hard work!

‘But I Do Study’

Thus might some youths object. They sincerely feel they are already working themselves to the bone but getting no results. A few years ago, however, researchers noticed that children of certain ethnic groups consistently did poorly in school. Many brushed off the problems thinking, ‘These kids just don’t care about school.’ But this was not the case at all. So why did they fail? Celestino Fernandez and other researchers at California’s Stanford University (U.S.A.) decided to find out.

They polled some 770 students and asked how much effort they felt they were putting into their schoolwork. To everyone’s surprise, the students with low grades thought they worked as hard as anybody! Yet when their study habits were examined, it was discovered that they actually did far less homework than their high-achieving schoolmates. It appears that their teachers were at least partially responsible for this delusion. Perhaps they felt that these low-achieving children were not capable of much to begin with. Or they may have felt that merely being warm and friendly toward them was enough to motivate them to excel. Whatever the case, it seems that the teachers highly praised the students’ most minimal efforts. Passing grades were routinely given out merely for attending class. The children were made to feel that they already worked as hard as they could. Thus they did little to improve.

If your grades are low, might you similarly be overrating how much studying you actually do? In many places academic standards have been lowered​—if not eliminated altogether. Knowing that they can easily get by, youths put out little and get little in return from school. But don’t you fall into this mire of mediocrity! Ask yourself, ‘Just how many hours a night do I spend preparing for school? Do I view study as serious business or are my efforts halfhearted? Do I give priority to less important activities, such as TV viewing?’

Such self-examination may lead to an overhaul of your study habits. Why, just increasing how much time you spend studying can have dramatic effects on your grades. Consider what a study published in the Journal of Educational Psychology had to say. After analyzing the study habits of thousands of youths of high school age, it concluded that “an increase in time spent on homework has a positive effect on a student’s grades in high school.” In fact, it is even thought that “with 1 to 3 hours of homework a week, the average low ability student can achieve grades commensurate with an average ability student who does not do homework.”

The apostle Paul figuratively had to ‘pummel his body’ to reach his goals. (1 Corinthians 9:27) You may similarly have to institute a get-tough policy with yourself, especially if you’re easily swayed from studying by TV or other distractions. Dr. Ed Olive recommends: “Make a contract with yourself. For example, tell yourself, ‘I will absolutely make myself study at least one hour every day.’” Built into this “contract” can be rewards (‘I’ll have a snack when I’m finished studying’) and even punishments (‘If I fail to study, no TV this weekend!’). You might even try putting a sign on the TV saying “No TV until homework is done!” as a helpful reminder.

Remember, attitude, motivation and self-discipline are good starting points for getting good grades.

[Footnotes]

[Blurb on page 24]

Students who got low grades thought they worked as hard as anybody! Yet it was discovered that they actually did far less homework than high achievers did

[Picture on page 23]

Tell yourself, “No TV until homework is done,” even putting a sign on your set if need be

‘I Have Nothing to Wear!’

Women the world over have a common interest in the kind of clothing they wear. Since styles differ from land to land, this article has been written with the Western woman in mind. However, some of the principles noted may be of use elsewhere too.

“SOMEONE once calculated that most people wear 10% of their wardrobe 90% of the time,” said Family Circle. And many women, especially, who have stood staring in frustration at a bulging closet complaining, ‘I have nothing to wear,’ are living proof of that statement!

Sounds familiar? Yes, but is it that we have nothing to wear or, perhaps, that we don’t know how to wear what we have?

The challenge most women face is dressing expensive-looking on a far-from-expensive budget. Perhaps inflation has robbed you of extra spending money you once were accustomed to having. Maybe you never had the “extra” money to begin with. Or your family’s needs come ahead of your own. Still other women find they wish to cut down on working to devote more time to special volunteer work​—as many Christian women have already done to become full-time preachers of the Bible’s good news. So how can you still dress with style and a sense of satisfaction? Take heart, it can be done.

First Stop​—Your Closet

Let’s start by taking inventory. The best way is to empty your entire closet! Separate items into two piles: the winners and the losers. The winners are clothes you constantly wear, feel most comfortable in and that really suit you.a The losers are items that are either outdated or that no longer fit.

If you haven’t worn something in the last year or two, discard it. (You can swap it or give it to a friend.) But of the clothes you don’t wear, could a blouse that is a little too small be worn under a pullover sweater or jumper? Could some garments be altered to fit or make them more up to date? If so, put these with the winners.

This should leave you with a nucleus that you are happy with and that looks good on you. Don’t panic if it doesn’t seem like much. You don’t need a lot of clothes to own a lot of outfits. And you probably didn’t wear the loser pile much anyway.

Closet Math

Next, hang up only the clothes from the winner pile. Take a good look at what you have and see what mix-and-match possibilities are right in front of you. Could the jacket to a suit double as a blazer with a different skirt? How about putting that jacket or a vest with a dress? Will a two-piece dress give you a new blouse and separate skirt to wear with a different top? Will a blouse that is the same color as a separate skirt make a dress, finished off with a contrasting jacket? Could you use the bow tie from its matching blouse with a different blouse to spice up an old outfit?

This is ‘fashion math.’ You take a few items and multiply their versatility. For instance, only 12 items of clothing​—2 jackets, 3 skirts, 4 blouses, 2 sweaters and 1 dress—​can equal 48 different outfits! And this is done using just two basic colors. That means you could wear a different outfit every day for over a month and a half. Add interesting accessories and just keep multiplying. But the best part is that this math was calculated in your closet, not your pocketbook.

Before You Head for the Store

But the day will come when you do need to purchase new items. So while you are looking at what outfits you have right now, make a list of what your future needs will be in order of priority, according to a realistic budget. Then before you go shopping, review the following suggestions:

● Stick to your list. Do not impulse shop. Develop calm, ruthless self-discipline!

● Select garments that go with items you already have. For a correct match of color, wear or bring the garment(s) with you.

● Start with classics. As one clothing researcher put it: “Any garment that’s been around for decades even though the fashion industry doesn’t push it is apt to be a very good buy.”

● Consider value per wear. Divide initial cost of garment by the number of times you expect to wear it the first year. Divide that figure by number of years of garment’s expected lifetime. In other words, a $100 suit you would wear once a week for half a year would be $3.85 each wearing the first year. This suit could last for five years, thus costing you 77 cents each wearing. But a $50 party dress worn only three times a year would be $16.67 per wearing the first year, and, having a shorter lifetime, $5.55 each wearing over a three-year period.

● Consider cost of upkeep. If the garment will require dry cleaning or alterations, add that to the initial cost.

● Look for versatile clothes. A raincoat with a detachable lining can double as a lightweight coat in milder weather.

● Get dressed up to go shopping. You will be better able to judge clothes on yourself. Wear the right undergarments, stockings and shoes for what you want to buy.

Sales, Seasons and Seconds

For real bargain hunters a favorite word is SALE! Excellent savings are found at sales in conjunction with special events peculiar to a country or locale. Other big savings to watch for are at beginning-of-season and particularly end-of-season sales. Seasonal sales will depend on what country or part of that country you live in. Beginning-of-season sales offer fair savings with the largest selection. End-of-season sales can save as much as 50 percent of the original price tag, but you may forfeit a large selection of styles and colors by then.

Many shoppers also love the word OUTLET. What is the difference between factory, wholesale and manufacturers’ outlets? Factory outlets sell directly from the manufacturer and you can expect 40 to 50 percent savings. Most of the merchandise will be first quality here, but many items will be irregulars or have defective design, so examine every garment carefully.

Wholesale outlets involve a middleman and depend strictly on the overruns and mistakes of the manufacturer. Savings are up to 50 percent. However, if the manufacturer doesn’t supply enough merchandise, the wholesale outlet may purchase cheaper garments and try to sell them as discounted quality items. These outlets are good if you know quality.

Manufacturers’ outlets sell clothing bought from several manufacturers, offering the least discount with markdowns at 20 to 30 percent. In any outlet, choose an irregular over a second or damaged item if possible, as it may involve less repair. Either way, know exactly what is wrong with the garment and be sure you can fix it​—or live with it.

Not to be overlooked are the large discount chain stores. These stores purchase brand-name clothes at prices 20 to 60 percent below regular department-store prices. Another possibility for savings is asking for the buyer or store manager, requesting a markdown on the price of a slightly damaged garment (stain, missing button, tear, seam opened). Further savings can be found at thrift shops, flea markets and garage or yard sales. And tremendous savings can be had if you follow the fabric sales and learn how to sew.

The Best-Dressed Woman

But when all is said and done the most beautiful and important clothing a woman can wear is described eloquently in the Bible. As part of the many qualities that make a woman truly beautiful, chapter 31 of Proverbs says that “strength and splendor are her clothing.” (Pr 31 Verse 25) She dresses in the solidness that being a support to her family and friends would require, and yet she shines with a brilliance as only femininity can.

The apostle Peter counsels that her “adornment” should “be the secret person of the heart in the incorruptible apparel of the quiet and mild spirit, which is of great value in the eyes of God.” (1 Peter 3:3, 4) Any woman who wears this style will be wearing a flawless and timeless fashion.

[Footnotes]

From Our Readers

Learning Problems

Your article “Does Your Child Have Learning Problems?” (May 8, 1983) has aided me greatly as a schoolmaster to identify the problems affecting some of our students. The child psychology I read in college never gave me such far-reaching information as contained in your magazine. I can now better treat such children with understanding and provide valuable advice to parents.

C. B. D., Nigeria

On Budgeting

I was grateful for the timely article “Do You Spend More Than You Earn?” (April 8, 1984) and for the practical suggestions it contained. For the past 24 years my husband and I have been using a family budget like the one the article describes. We use the “cash-envelope method.” Our friends laugh at us for doing this, but it works! Even on vacation we use the envelope plan and we generally return home with a little money left.

H. B., Federal Republic of Germany

Problems at School

I want to thank you in particular for the article “Young People Ask . . . Why Won’t the Kids Let Me Alone?” (February 8, 1984) I am a mother of an eight-year-old girl and I used this article for personal study with her. She told me things about her feelings that I would never have suspected. She identified herself in almost all the experiences narrated in the article. This has helped her to make some changes following the advice given in the article. It has also helped me because it made me understand my daughter more and make her problems mine.

B. D., Italy

They Resisted Rapists

Thank you very much for the article “They Resisted Rapists.” (February 22, 1984) After receiving this magazine, I was asked by my youngest sister for suggestions on how to resist the efforts of the son-in-law of the man for whom she works. He had tried twice to rape her and had said, “I won’t give up until I have got her.” Thanks to your article I was able to give her some good suggestions for her to rid herself of this would-be rapist.

L. R., Brazil

Thank you for the article “They Resisted Rapists.” Last week I was attacked by an armed man in my apartment. The first thing that came to my mind was the above-mentioned article and the experiences of those in similar situations. I immediately asked the man “Do you know Jehovah God? He sees what you are trying to do.” He told me to be quiet. He started pushing me toward my bedroom. With a loud voice I told him to leave my apartment. He told me to be quiet and pushed even harder on me. I started yelling and pushing him away. He looked at me strangely, looked around for a few seconds and then ran away. Thank you for this life-saving article.

M. M., Maryland, U.S.A.

Watching the World

Military Spending

● One trillion dollars! That, says the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, is how much will be spent worldwide for military purposes next year. According to the agency, worldwide military spending has steadily risen from $290.9 billion in 1972 to $889.6 billion in 1983 and will reach about $970 billion this year. The rate of spending has increased twice as fast in developing countries as in industrialized ones, with the Middle East and Africa in the forefront. Actual military outlays may be higher than what is reported, said an agency official, as some nations tend to understate what they spend for military purposes. Middle Eastern countries have led all others in arms imports since 1977.

Where do the arms come from? According to the report, which covers the period from 1972 to 1982, the Soviet Union has been the top supplier since 1978, holding 30.1 percent of the arms market in 1982. The United States was next with 26.2 percent. Other leading exporters are France, the United Kingdom, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania and China. The agency also found that several other countries​—Brazil, Israel, North and South Korea, and Turkey—​have become prominent arms exporters in recent years.

Italian Church Funds

● The Roman Catholic Church in Italy will be excluded from state funding by 1990, according to a proposal issued by a joint government-church commission. The commission was set up after a new concordat was reached between the Vatican and Italy in February. Under the arrangement, state payments are to be gradually reduced until the church assumes full responsibility for its financing in 1990. Income-tax deductions will be allowed for members making contributions to the church. This year, reports the newspaper Corriere della Sera of Milan, the government has appropriated 291 billion lire (about $175 million, U.S.) to pay the salaries of some 30,000 priests, and 20 billion lire more for new church construction.

Soviet Marital Stress

● The strain of shopping and standing in line for basic goods is a major cause of marital conflict, says the Communist Party newspaper, Pravda. One reader was quoted as saying that much family tumult could be avoided “if only it were possible to buy all basic goods round the corner or go out and get a decent meal in a café.” A yearly total of 37 billion hours is now spent just standing in lines, says the newspaper​—up from 30 billion in the mid-1970’s. On the average, a Soviet adult spends 190 hours a year waiting in lines. Other reasons for marital stress were attributed to the attitude of men, who generally refuse to share child rearing and household chores with their working wives, and the lack of modern household equipment to facilitate cooking and cleaning.

The Very Best

● “People who say they can’t afford the best for their children already have it,” says U.S. Surgeon General, Dr. C. Everett Koop. And what is more, he pointed out, it is free. Koop was referring to mother’s milk, which he regards as “not substitutable.” The surgeon general urged employers and hospitals to do more to promote breast-feeding so as to meet the government’s goal of having 75 percent of all newborns breast-fed by 1990. Mother’s milk provides the most complete nutrition possible for babies, as well as extra protection against illnesses, due to the antibodies it contains. And nursing strengthens the emotional bond between mother and child.

Additionally, researchers have recently discovered that mothers of premature babies produce a special milk vital to the growth and development of the early-born’s brain and nervous system, and that such milk was easier to digest than milk from full-term mothers. Thus it is important that premature babies receive their own mother’s milk, and not that collected from other nursing mothers.

Drug-Impaired Driving

● Drug-impaired driving is on the increase in the United States. “Federal officials estimate that drugs are a factor in 5 to 10 percent of all fatal driving accidents and in 15 to 20 percent of all road accidents,” reports The New York Times. But while laws specify at what percentage of alcohol concentration a person is considered intoxicated, there is no such threshold stipulated for drug intoxication. Toxicologists agree that marijuana can be an even more potent drug than alcohol. However, they find that it is difficult to define the level that causes impairment. “We know marijuana is a problem, it clearly impairs driving skills at least four to six hours after a single joint is smoked,” says Dr. J. Michael Walsh, head of the Clinical Research Division at the National Institute on Drug Abuse. “But unlike alcohol, there is no conclusive roadside test that the police can administer.”

Teen Driving Curfew

● An after-dark curfew on teenage driving would reduce teenage traffic fatalities almost by half, claims a University of Calgary researcher. His study of 527 teenage traffic deaths showed that most fatalities took place late on Friday and Saturday nights, or early on Sundays. Reporting on his findings, the Globe and Mail adds: “Curfew laws in 12 states in the United States have led to a dramatic reduction in teen-age deaths and injuries, ranging from 25 to 69 per cent in some jurisdictions, a report this year from the non-profit Insurance Institute for Highway Safety said.” Also, the Traffic Injury Research Foundation of Canada reports that while teenagers 15 to 19 years old made up only about 10 percent of the population in 1981, they were involved in almost 17 percent of all driver deaths and nearly 25 percent of passenger deaths.

Widespread Antiquities

● “After two years of negotiations,” reports the International Herald Tribune, “the British Museum has agreed to return a 23-inch (59-centimeter) section of the Sphinx’s chin that a British sailor smuggled out of Cairo 166 years ago.” The piece is to be returned as a permanent loan to avoid violation of an English law that prohibits exporting museum pieces. It was said that Egypt threatened to bar British archaeologists if the museum refused the return. Other Third World countries are reported to be watching the negotiations closely, in hopes that they also can recover some of their national treasures that are held by the museum. Many antiquities were removed from Egypt during the period from 1517 to 1936, when the country was under Turkish, French and British rule. Rome has 13 Egyptian obelisks, while only 4 remain in Egypt. Other important pieces can be found in Paris, Berlin, the Soviet Union and the United States.

Natural Pollution Filter

● The water hyacinth, “considered worse than a plague in many areas of the world,” has been discovered to have some “sterling qualities,” says The Toronto Star. The floating purple water flower reproduces at an incredible rate. “Under normal conditions, 10 hyacinth plants can multiply to 600,000 and take over an acre of water in just eight months,” says the paper. “As they grow, they mesh together into a thick mat that can make a waterway impassable.” But with roots dangling in the water and absorbing nutrients directly from it, the plants work extremely well as a pollution filter. The common water pollutants​—nitrates, phosphates, potassium—​are needed by the plants to survive, and they also absorb toxic wastes, heavy metals and pesticides. So some cities have now turned to cultivating the plants for use in waste-water treatment​—at less than half the cost of conventional systems.

Diaper-Rash Aid

● Many mothers face the problem of what to do about diaper rash on their baby. A dermatologist at the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia says that the best way to minimize the friction that produces rash is to use cornstarch in the affected areas. According to The Medical Post of Canada, there was a time when pediatricians would not have recommended this because it was thought that cornstarch “promoted the growth of Candida albicans and other yeast organisms.” It is now believed, however, that cornstarch is even better than talcum powder for reducing friction.

Feet-Fashion Danger

● Following the fashion fad in footwear may be dangerous to your health, claims the Italian medical periodical Biotestinform. “Ninety women out of a hundred wear shoes of at least one number smaller than their own size,” says the report. “In many cases shoes worn by the female public are three sizes smaller.” The article puts the blame on women who think they should wear shoes tighter than is necessary to keep up with the latest fashion of a slim foot and manufacturers that produce shoes too narrow at the toes. ‘The pointed shoe forces the big toe to set itself under the second toe of the foot,’ explains the report. “In time the big toe misshapes (valgus big toe) and arthritic processes arise.”

‘High’ on Bugs?

● Drug addicts in the Philippines are going “buggy.” They are chewing live bugs to get high. Due to strict antinarcotic laws and stiff prices, addicts are turning to this cheaper euphoriant. “Called the Korean bug, it produces, when eaten alive, a ‘high’ rivalling the effects of marijuana” and other drugs, says Time Journal of Manila. The bugs are a little bigger than a grain of rice, making it all the easier to smuggle them into the country from South Korea.

Lying Detectors

● Do lie detectors lie? Psychologists at the University of Illinois decided to find out, using 50 confessed thieves and 50 innocent persons interrogated during genuine cases of theft. As reported in New Scientist magazine, “the researchers asked six polygraph operators to distinguish the thieves from the innocents on the basis of their physiological responses during the test.” The result? “The interpreters falsely accused 37 per cent of the truthful subjects of theft, and declared 24 per cent of the thieves innocent,” says the magazine.

China’s Housing Headache

● Most people in China live in housing that is provided for and heavily subsidized by the state. According to the newspaper China Daily, the average city dweller pays 23 cents a month for rent out of an average monthly wage of $23.50. Government statistics show that such dwellers have only 4.4 square yards (3.7 sq m) of living space. To create more housing, private homeownership was introduced in 1979 and now 17 percent of the country’s 1.1 billion people own their own homes. However, reports China’s Economic Daily, new homeowners are labeled “capitalists” and “the filthy rich,” and they have become targets for insults and discrimination by neighbors as well as victims of shoddy repairs and high utility bills. Even so, a recent survey in Shanghai revealed that almost 50 percent of the residents wanted to buy their own homes.

Is There Life After Death?

At death do people only seem to die?

Is there something about humans that survives death?

Can those who have died ever live as humans again?

Read the heartwarming answers to these questions in the 192-page book Is This Life All There Is? See the sound reasons for believing that there is indeed much more than this life. Only $1, postpaid.

Please send the hardbound book Is This Life All There Is? I enclose $1 (U.S.). (For price in other countries, please contact local Watch Tower Society office.)

Read About It! The Government Soon to Rule All the Earth

The next rulership for all the earth will be a world government. The book “Let Your Kingdom Come” tells about the sudden change that will occur as this government overthrows all earth’s present rulerships. If you are to continue to live, you will have to submit to this incoming world government. Read about the persons who will shortly be taking over earth’s rulership.

Get your copy now. This hardbound, 192-page book is only $1, postpaid.

Please send the book “Let Your Kingdom Come.” I enclose $1 (U.S.). (For price in other countries, please contact local Watch Tower Society office.)