October 8

Page Two

Throughout history, sincere people everywhere have longed for a true brotherhood of man that would bring an end to hatred, oppression, violence and war. Yet the record of history shows that so far this has been an unattainable dream. Will it ever be realized? Yes, and the foundation for it is being laid right now!

3 THE BROTHERHOOD OF MAN​—JUST A DREAM?

4 WHAT OBSTRUCTS UNIVERSAL BROTHERHOOD?

6 HOW HAS RELIGION AFFECTED BROTHERHOOD?

8 THE PATTERN FOR BROTHERHOOD

11 THE REAL BROTHERHOOD OF MAN TODAY

The Brotherhood of Man​—Just a Dream?

IT HAPPENED during the last few days of December of that momentous year 1914. The initial savage onslaughts of the first world war had spent themselves, costing​—in only five months—​about three and a half million casualties.

On the night of December 24, at the front near Ypres, Belgium, a British platoon was ordered to erect posts and wire 40 yards (37 m) from the German trenches. To the amazement of the British, not a shot was fired from the German line. The next day, hundreds of men on both sides climbed out of their trenches and fraternized in no-man’s-land, exchanging greetings and souvenirs.

What had happened? Here, as elsewhere along the front, the festive season had turned the minds of the war-weary men to a deep-felt desire for peace and friendship.

But it was not to be. The nations fought out World War I to its bitter end, with a cost of millions of lives and incalculable misery. That fleeting glimpse of brotherhood was just a dream. And the dream was further shattered by World War II. Today, instead of a dream, hostile forces and weapons of mass annihilation cause a horrible nightmare.

Efforts at Forming Brotherhoods

The history of man has been a long, sad sequence of bloodshed and violence. Yet many people have hoped for a brotherhood of mankind. For example, the French Revolution of 1789 stirred the people of France with the slogan “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité” (“Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood”). But a few years later, France’s Napoleon Bonaparte bathed Europe in blood.

Down through history, fraternities (brotherhoods) and sororities (sisterhoods) of many types have flourished. But they have lacked the characteristics of a true universal brotherhood. For example, Freemasonry, a well-known international brotherhood, is secretive and open only to men.

Obviously, all such efforts have never achieved a brotherhood of mankind. But consider for a moment: what if this idea could be transformed from just a dream into a practical reality? What a difference it would make! A real international brotherhood would put an end to frontiers, political and religious rivalries, hatred between nations and races. Wars, terrorism and all the factors causing the frightfully dangerous conditions in the world today would be eliminated.

Would you like to see that? Of course. But you may say: ‘That could never be. History shows that the idea of all people being brothers is no more than a dream.’ And from the viewpoint of man’s past and present record, you would be right.

A Higher View

However, there is another viewpoint to be considered, one that makes all the difference. To illustrate: If you were lost in a dense jungle and could find no way out, your life would be in danger. However, someone in an airplane overhead might clearly see the way out and, with radio contact, guide you. That elevated view could mean the difference between life and death.

Today many people see no way out of this world’s growing problems. Therefore it is urgent, indeed a life or death matter, to consider the situation from an elevated viewpoint​—from the viewpoint of the Almighty God. Concerning him, an inspired prophet wrote: “For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so my ways are higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts. For with rejoicing you people will go forth, and with peace you will be brought in.”​—Isa. 55:9, 12.

However, before discussing the Creator’s lofty view of the formation of true brotherhood, we can ask: What has made it impossible from man’s viewpoint?

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Napoleon’s conquests shattered the dream of fraternity

What Obstructs Universal Brotherhood?

IN 1469 C.E. a man named Niccolò Machiavelli was born in Florence, Italy. He wrote a book on politics entitled “The Prince,” using as a model Cesare Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI. Borgia, according to one historian, was “an artist in ‘power politics,’ using without scruple and remorse such measure of force or fraud as may enable him to extend and secure his conquests.”

The Encyclopædia Britannica says that Machiavelli “founded the science of politics for the modern world.” “Machiavellianism” is now a word meaning the political principle “that any means however lawless or unscrupulous” may be used by a ruler to maintain his power.

Such politics has plagued this 20th century. Wars, coups, corruption, horrible violence and terrorism are all manifestations of it. Politics divides the East from the West. It divides nations, cities (such as Berlin) and even families. Politics is one of the most divisive influences of mankind.

Closely related to such politics and often exploited by political leaders is the spirit of . . .

Nationalism

On this subject an amusing story is told about an army chaplain in Scotland who, at a new military camp, asked for volunteers to convert an old barn into a chapel. In the absence of the chaplain the volunteers painted in large letters above the altar: “Scotland forever and ever.” The surprised chaplain asked them to make the sign a bit more religious. They did. The inscription then read: “Scotland forever and ever. AMEN.”

Scotsmen are known for being very proud of their country. But they are not alone in this. For example, English children, especially in the days when the British Empire was dominant in the world, were fed nationalistic fervor from earliest childhood. They were taught to believe that ‘Britannia Rules the Waves,’ and that the English are a superior nation, blessed by God.

In every nation similar feelings are promoted by politicians who know that a strong nationalistic spirit serves their purposes well. But their purpose may not be in the best interest of people. In an article entitled “Nationalism Is Alien to True Patriotism,” columnist Sydney J. Harris observed: “Nationalism means ‘going along’ with a Hitler or a Stalin or any other tyrant who waves the flag, mouths obscene devotion to the Fatherland, and meanwhile tramples the rights of people.”

Too, as the story of the chapel in Scotland shows, nationalism and religion often go together. Wrote Dr. Robert L. Kahn, a rabbi: “Religion and Nationalism always tend to go hand in hand. In times of war, particularly, . . . ‘For God and Country’ becomes a sort of battle cry. This has always been so. [In World War II] one of the popular songs was the war-whoop of a chaplain, ‘Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition.”’

A nationalistic spirit has even seriously affected sports. For example, at a European soccer championship match between the teams of England and Belgium held in Turin, Italy, play was held up for several minutes while English fans fought a battle with Italian riot police, resulting in many persons being hurt.

Racism

On many farms in South Africa the white children of the farmer and the black children of the laborers spend some of their early childhood playing together in a peaceful, almost brotherly way. Race prejudice is not a feeling people are born with. However, as they grow up they absorb the attitudes of their respective races. So, in most cases, that early, charming innocence disappears. Feelings such as animosity, pride, resentment and frustration take over.

However, racism is not confined to Africa. Many people in the United States are ashamed of the treatment given to the Indian tribes in their country. Also, the way blacks were treated in the days of slavery, and the ghastly conditions in which they were transported across the Atlantic and sold like cattle in the Americas, are well known. Ugly race riots still break out in the U.S. In England, too, racial tension is rising as immigrants from the West Indies, India and other places flood certain areas.

Those who suffer because of racism in Africa or elsewhere can be glad that they were not Jews living in Germany under the Nazi regime. Looking back, it seems incredible that in a country of Christendom, under a leader (Hitler) who was a Roman Catholic, millions of Jews, people of Slavic origin and others were massacred because of their nationality.

The fact that such atrocities were committed by people forming a part of Christendom raises doubts as to whether that system of religion is genuine. Is it, instead, a colossal fraud? Let us carefully consider the effects that the religions of this world have upon true brotherhood.

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Politics is one of the most divisive influences of mankind

DIVIDED BERLIN

FRENCH SECTOR

BRITISH SECTOR

AMERICAN SECTOR

RUSSIAN SECTOR

EAST GERMANY

EAST GERMANY

BERLIN WALL

[Picture on page 5]

Little children are not born racist

How Has Religion Affected Brotherhood?

ALTHOUGH there is a general loss of confidence in religion today, yet many people believe that religion instills love and brotherhood. Of course, on the individual level there have always been noble lives lived by all types of religious people. But what do the facts reveal about this world’s religions in general? What, for example, is religion’s record in relation to war​—the very opposite of love and brotherhood?

It is a very shocking one. The record of suffering, cruelty and bloodshed caused or blessed by false religion is frightful. Speaking of “holy wars,” the book Age of Faith says: “None have been bloodier than the Christian Crusades of the Middle Ages. . . . The Crusaders . . . raped and plundered fellow Christians and committed incredible atrocities on their Moslem foes.”

In the thirteenth century C.E., Pope Innocent III organized a special crusade against the Albigenses and also the Waldenses, followers of Peter Waldo, a French merchant. Waldo had denounced the luxury of the clergy. According to historian H. G. Wells, the pope’s crusade sanctified “the enlistment of every wandering scoundrel . . . to carry fire and sword and rape and every conceivable outrage among the most peaceful subjects of the King of France. The accounts of the cruelties and abominations of this crusade are far more terrible to read than any account of Christian martyrdoms by the pagans.”

One of the results of the crusade was the formation of the “Holy Inquisition” under the Dominican Friars (Brothers). The comment of H. G. Wells on this is: “Now in a hundred market-places in Europe the dignitaries of the church watched the blackened bodies of its antagonists . . . burn and sink painfully, and their own great mission to mankind burn and sink with them into dust and ashes.”

Such inhuman conduct and other abuses led to the Reformation in the early 16th century. But before long, the Protestants became deeply involved in politics just as the Roman Church had been for centuries. Then, in 1618, the Thirty Years’ War broke out between Protestants and Catholics in Germany. Soon it involved most of Christendom. It was “a war waged with a ferocity to which history offers few parallels. . . . moral restraints broke down and ceded to wild bursts of profligacy.”​—A History of Europe, by H. Fisher.

These are but a few brief accounts of the many wars caused or supported by religion in the past. But what about today?

Religion’s Modern Record

Bitter animosity between Catholics and Protestants has plagued Ireland for centuries. The violence in Northern Ireland in recent years has caused great misery and loss of life on both sides. The churches have a direct responsibility for much of the suffering because of their involvement with nationalism and politics.

To this day, also, the Middle East remains a center of religion-based strife. For many years, “Christian” and anti-“Christian” forces have been slaughtering one another in Lebanon, and there appears to be no letup in the bloodshed. It was the same story in India, when the British pulled out in 1947 and the various non-Christian factions in that country set upon one another in ghastly massacres.

The facts about these and other conflicts in which religion plays a major role are common knowledge. Not only are the great world religions involved, however. So are the minor cults. One in particular sent a shock wave of horror around the world in 1978. This was when some 900 disciples of a certain “Reverend” Jones committed mass suicide in Guyana at their leader’s instigation.

But that was a minor tragedy compared to what took place in World Wars I and II. During those conflicts, millions of Christendom’s members, along with Jews, Buddhists, Hindus and others, inflicted appalling loss of life and misery on one another. Yet the clergy on both sides of the conflict prayed for God’s blessing.

The failure of this world’s religions to act as a force for promoting true brotherhood stems from this basic error: getting people to follow human leaders and their ideas instead of doing what God says in his Word, the Bible.​—John 12:43.

Hence, such worldly religions cannot be true religion. As an inspired Bible writer clearly said: “Pure, unspoilt religion, in the eyes of God our Father is this: coming to the help of orphans and widows when they need it, and keeping oneself uncontaminated by the world.” (Jas. 1:27, The Jerusalem Bible) Those words breathe the spirit of love and brotherhood. But on the other hand, think of the millions who have been made widows and orphans due to the violence and persecution caused by impure, false religion! And it is because such religion is ‘contaminated by the world.’

How clear it is, then, that we can never hope to see a true, universal brotherhood established by false religion, of which the churches of Christendom are the dominant part. They have had centuries of power and opportunity to do so. Instead, the result is a world agonizing in crime, terrorism and wars, a world deeply divided by politics, nationalism, racism and thousands of religious sects.

Is there no hope, then? Is the situation so bad that the brotherhood of man will remain just a dream? Many people would probably agree with these plaintive words of a popular song entitled “Why?”: “Someone’s lost the plan For the brotherhood of man And no one’s trying to find it anymore.”

But take courage! The “plan for the brotherhood of man” has certainly not been lost. In fact, the nucleus of the brotherhood of mankind is already being formed!

[Picture on page 7]

“Holy wars” have brought great reproach on God

The Pattern for Brotherhood

IT WAS a beautiful, cold night in the spring of 33 C.E. A small group of men gathered in Jerusalem around a table set for a meal. Their leader was Jesus Christ, a man of 33 years, kindly, purposeful and dignified. He was giving his followers vital instructions, for this group was the first nucleus of a real brotherhood of mankind.

The spirit of the group was warm and loving. Although Jesus knew that his death was near, he was not concerned about himself. Instead, he calmly and lovingly took advantage of this last evening meal with his disciples to encourage and instruct them.​—John chaps. 13 to 17.

Humility and Service

Jesus often taught by actions as well as by words. On this occasion he astounded his disciples by suddenly taking a basin of water and a towel and washing the feet of each one!

However, Peter objected, saying: “You will certainly never wash my feet.” But Jesus corrected him, washed the feet of the faithful apostles, and then explained: “I set the pattern for you.”​—John 13:8, 15.

Yes, Jesus was setting the pattern of true brotherhood: a humble, loving spirit, and a willingness to serve without partiality, no matter how menial or unpleasant the task might be.​—John 13:1-17.

Love and Unity

What was Jesus’ main theme in his discussion with his disciples that night? It was love, genuine brotherly love, the mark of the real brotherhood of man. As Jesus said: “By this all will know that you are my disciples, if you have love among yourselves.” (John 13:35) That is the decisive test of true religion.

Do the Churches of Christendom pass that test? Do the other religions of this world? No, not at all. How can they when they encourage their members to kill one another in “Caesar’s” nationalistic wars?

True love creates unity, both in families and in communities. So, logically, unity was another theme Jesus used that memorable night. He prayed that his disciples might “be one.” (John 17:11, 20, 21) Later, the apostle Paul similarly wrote: “Clothe yourselves with love, for it is a perfect bond of union.” (Col. 3:14) Yes, a true brotherhood must be united.

On this score, how wretched Christendom’s condition is! Why, there are at least 4,000 Churches and sects in South Africa alone, which claim to be very religious! The mere fact that Christendom is not a brotherhood, but, instead, is shockingly divided, is proof that it is not Christian. That is why all who claim to be Christian should think very seriously about Jesus’ warning: “A house divided against itself falls.”​—Luke 11:17.

Who Controls the Brotherhood?

However, you may say: ‘All this talk about humility, love and unity sounds fine. But who is to control such a brotherhood?’ That is a valid question.

Since a brotherhood, including of course sisters, is a “family,” there must be a “father” able to exercise complete control and win the loving respect of his “children.” But who? A Caesar? A Hitler? A Stalin? A pope? The results of control by such human “fathers” speak for themselves. As the Bible points out: “It does not belong to man . . . to direct his step.”​—Jer. 10:23.

Hence, the “Father” of a true brotherhood must be a heavenly one​—Almighty God. Recognizing and being subject to this Father is absolutely essential to becoming a true brother or sister.

There is nothing illogical about this. Although God is invisible, so are many powerful forces such as gravity or electricity that produce visible results. All the beautiful and amazingly complex things around us, from galaxies to atoms, all the delicate, intricate parts of our bodies, such as the eyes with which you are reading these words, declare the existence of a Maker with infinite power and wisdom.​—Ps. 19:1, 2; 139:14.

Amplifying the voice of creation a thousandfold is the voice of the Bible. Its inspired prophecies have come true, or are in course of fulfillment now. It has a magnificent message of real hope for today, as it reveals the heavenly Father’s purpose and goodness.

Since man can guide a craft a thousand milliona miles out in space, surely it is a simple matter for God Almighty to guide his servants on earth. And he has powerful invisible forces at his command​—such as his active force, or holy spirit—​compared to which man’s puny strength is nothing.

Failing to recognize and be humbly subject to the Father, whose name is Jehovah, is the main reason why so many attempts at forming a true brotherhood have failed. In much of Christendom as in other religions, paternal honor, in a spiritual sense, has been diverted from God to men.

To come to know and really love and be loved by both Father and Son is the way to become a “brother” or “sister,” and is also the way to everlasting life. As Jesus said to his brothers that historic night: “This means everlasting life, their taking in knowledge of you, the only true God, and of the one whom you sent forth, Jesus Christ.”​—John 17:3.

Earth’s New Ruler

Some might ask: ‘Did Jesus actually refer to his humble disciples as “brothers”?’ Yes. One day, when Jesus was speaking to a group, someone told him that his mother and fleshly brothers wanted to see him. He replied: “Who is my mother, and who are my brothers? Extending his hand toward his disciples, he said: “Look! My mother and my brothers! For whoever does the will of my Father who is in heaven, the same is my brother, and sister, and mother.”​—Matt. 12:46-50.

So Christ is the “head brother,” as it were, in the universal brotherhood, He is the one through whom God ransoms mankind from slavery to sin and death.​—Matt. 20:28.

However, Jesus’ vital role now is far greater than when he was on earth. He is now earth’s new ruler! No, not the ruler of this decaying old world, which is actually ruled by Satan the Devil, for Jesus declared: “My kingdom is no part of this world. If my kingdom were part of this world, my attendants would have fought that I should not be delivered up to the Jews. But, as it is, my kingdom is not from this source.”​—John 18:36; Luke 4:5-8.

God’s Government

The Kingdom is the government of God for which Jesus taught his followers to pray when he said: “Let your kingdom come. Let your will take place, as in heaven, also upon earth.” (Matt. 6:10) It is the main theme of the whole Bible, and Christ’s principal teaching.

Despite these facts, the Kingdom government is rarely mentioned by church leaders. Historian H. G. Wells called attention to this, writing: “Remarkable is the enormous prominence given by Jesus to the teaching of what he called the Kingdom of Heaven, and its comparative insignificance in the procedure and teaching of most of the Christian churches.”

God’s heavenly government, with Christ as ruler, will shortly cleanse the earth of all corruption and evil, putting an end to all present governments of men. The prophet Daniel foretold this, saying: “The God of heaven will set up a kingdom that will never be brought to ruin. . . . It will crush and put an end to all these kingdoms [of this world], and it itself will stand to times indefinite.”​—Dan. 2:44.

That takes place at “the end of the world,” when “the war of the great day of God the Almighty”​—Armageddon—​is fought. (Isa. 34:2; Rev. 16:14-16) But will all mankind be destroyed? No, for the inspired psalmist answers: “Evildoers themselves will be cut off, but those hoping in Jehovah are the ones that will possess the earth. . . . the meek ones themselves will possess the earth, and they will indeed find their exquisite delight in the abundance of peace.”​—Ps. 37:9-11.

Who are these “meek ones” who are “hoping in Jehovah”? They make up the true brotherhood of mankind who will survive Armageddon and enjoy paradise when it is reestablished on this earth under God’s government, when His will shall be done on earth as it is in heaven.​—Rev. 7:9-17.

Is this not a glorious prospect? What a privilege it will be to live under a world ruler like Christ​—so kind and humble, so just and merciful, so understanding of mankind, since he knows us so well! And how different he will be from the Machiavellian school of politicians ruling today! How pleasant to live and serve with a worldwide family of brothers and sisters and to enjoy “exquisite delight in the abundance of peace”!

However, perhaps you are thinking: ‘But does such a true brotherhood really exist today? Does it really work? If so, who constitute it? Where can I find them?’

[Footnotes]

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The early nucleus of the true brotherhood

The Real Brotherhood of Man Today

AN outstanding demonstration of Christian brotherhood was given at the close of World War II.

Sachsenhausen, the German concentration camp near Berlin, was filled with excitement and apprehension. It was April 1945. Allied forces were advancing from the west and the Russians from the east.

However, Nazi leaders were determined to destroy the 26,000 prisoners in the camp. Their satanic scheme was to murder the sick in the infirmary and march the others to Lübeck, a seaport, put them on ships, and sink the ships at sea.

When the order was given to leave, the prisoners were mustered in groups according to their nationality​—with the exception of one group made up of six different nationalities. This group included dedicated Christians, plus some 36 men who had accepted their beliefs in the camp.

At the risk of their lives, these Christians had rescued their spiritual brothers from the infirmary. Then the long column of prisoners and SS guards set off. The guards were in a hurry, as they could already hear the guns of the Russians. For days they marched, their food not much more than weeds, roots and bark. Any who fell exhausted were brutally shot by the guards. In fact, 10,700 died along the road. Hence it was called the “death march.”

But those in the Christian group constantly helped one another, the strong supporting the weak. Wrote a member of the group: “Through Christian love and solidarity not one was left by the wayside to be killed by the SS.” After 12 terrible days, the guards fled.

Who were those Christians? They were Jehovah’s Witnesses. Can anyone deny that they demonstrated the marks of a true brotherhood? But what relation exists between them and the little group who met with Jesus on the night before his death?

Following the Pattern

Those who make up the true brotherhood today must follow the pattern set by Jesus and his disciples. For example, what was the attitude toward war of that first-century brotherhood?

Origen, a third-century Christian writer, stated: “We no longer take up ‘sword against nation,’ nor do we ‘learn war any more.”’ (Isa. 2:2-4) Also, in his book Paganism to Christianity in the Roman Empire, W. W. Hyde states: “During the first three centuries . . . Christians were opposed to serving as professional killers in the Roman armies.” It was for the same reason that Jehovah’s Witnesses were put in Nazi death camps during World War II. They refused to serve in Hitler’s armies.

Another pattern of the first-century Christian brotherhood was the absence of priests or clergy. The older brothers who had the maturity and spiritual qualities did the teaching and organizing. (Titus 1:5-9)a But they were brothers, not “fathers.” Jesus said: “You are all brothers. You must call no one on earth your father, since you have only one Father, and he is in heaven.” (Matt. 23:8, 9, The Jerusalem Bible) Peter had specifically admonished his fellow older brothers not to ‘lord it over God’s people.’​—1 Pet. 5:1-3.

So in those days of the original Christian brotherhood Jesus’ disciples did not use presumptuous titles such as “Reverend,” “Most Reverend,” “Monsignor” (my lord) or “Father.” In the book The Old Roman World, John Lord says that early Christians “called each other brother and sister . . . they knew of no distinctions.” So, too, among Jehovah’s Witnesses today, there are no clergy-laity distinctions, no presumptuous titles. All are “brothers” and “sisters,” with older, spiritually mature men taking the lead in serving others.

Jesus also told his followers that they would suffer bitter persecution. This would be not only at the hands of political leaders but also at those of religious leaders who had become part of the world. He stated: “Because you are no part of the world, but I have chosen you out of the world, on this account the world hates you. . . . the hour is coming when everyone that kills you will imagine he has rendered a sacred service to God.”​—John 15:19; 16:2.

Who is it that has suffered worldwide persecution in our times because of being no part of the world? It is Jehovah’s Witnesses. For instance, in 1933 Hitler tried to annihilate them in Germany because they would not support his Nazi party or his wars. They persisted in preaching God’s incoming Kingdom government as the only hope for mankind. At one point, Hitler screamed hysterically: ‘I will exterminate this brood in Germany!’ Thousands of Witnesses were arrested, many suffering death in concentration camps.

However, eventually Hitler and his Nazi party were exterminated, but not Jehovah’s Witnesses. Today there are about 100,000 Witnesses in the Federal Republic of Germany alone. In congregations of Jehovah’s Witnesses worldwide the active publishers of the good news of the kingdom numbers over 2,200,000.

Identifying the Brotherhood Today

Of course, it is not numbers that identify the true international brotherhood today. Jehovah’s Witnesses are actually few compared with many other religions. Jesus said: “Narrow is the gate and cramped the road leading off into life, and few are the ones finding it.”​—Matt. 7:14.

Do Jehovah’s Witnesses today fit the pattern, as suggested by the few examples given above? As a guide for you to identify which one of the thousands of sects and religions fits the original Christian brotherhood, note the box on the previous page. It lists some of the basic principles of that brotherhood. Test for yourself who it is that fits the description given in the Bible.

What Others Say

While many slander Jehovah’s Witnesses, as Jesus said would happen, not all people do so. Let us take a look at these Christians through the eyes of some people who are not Witnesses.

In Mozambique, Jehovah’s Witnesses have suffered bitter persecution due to their political neutrality. But a Catholic nun wrote in a Catholic Portuguese publication: “At the moment [1978], in these new ‘Gulag’ [concentration] camps for reeducation installed in [Mozambique], 25,000 Jehovah’s Witnesses from Malawi and Mozambique have been imprisoned together. . . . they are worthy of our admiration . . . How different the world would be if we all woke up one morning firmly decided not to take up arms again, whatever the cost or the reason, just like Jehovah’s Witnesses!”

Regarding the general conduct of the Witnesses in Africa, the London Daily Telegraph had this to say: “Jehovah’s Witnesses have shown themselves, through Africa, to be decent, orderly citizens living up to a high moral code. . . . The promiscuity and polygamy characteristic of African society is simply inconceivable among Witnesses. The sect inculcates habits of thrift, punctuality, honesty and obedience.”

Bryan Wilson, professor at Oxford University, England, made a study of “the recent rapid growth” of the Witnesses in Japan. He wrote: “Witnesses offer a wide range of practical advice . . . on marital relations, moral issues, the rearing of children, and other practical matters.” Wilson asked many of the Japanese what had attracted them to Jehovah’s Witnesses. Among the replies were: “The kindness of the Witnesses.” “The lack of any smell of religious formalism and the absence of show.” “I was surprised to find such meek people.” “I was impressed by the unity of the organization.” “The love and warmth among Jehovah’s Witnesses.”

In Spain, a writer for the publication Hoja del Lunes de Gijón reported after a convention of over 10,000 Witnesses in that city: “Jehovah’s Witnesses have impressed me by their good citizenship, . . . If Gijón en masse were to be converted to the beliefs of Jehovah’s Witnesses, Gijón would be the cleanest and best kept city in the world.”

When a large convention of Jehovah’s Witnesses was held in New Orleans, Louisiana, the paper States-Item said: “A sense of brotherhood filled the Louisiana Superdome as young and old, black and white Jehovah’s Witnesses settled down to begin a 5-day learning and sharing experience. . . . racial discrimination . . . is not a problem for Witnesses.”

Practical Help

In Mexico a few years ago, two villages were virtually at war due to a deadly feud that made life cheap. The police could not solve the problem. However, one family started studying the Bible with Jehovah’s Witnesses. Others followed, and before long most of the people in the village had sold their weapons and bought Bibles instead. Peace returned to the area. It was a miniature modern fulfillment of the ancient prophecy, “They will have to beat their swords into plowshares”​—a foretaste of what will take place globally under God’s kingdom.​—Isa. 2:2-4.

This is just one of countless cases that could be cited where Jehovah’s Witnesses have given practical help to people with all sorts of problems​—drink, drugs, divorce, depression and many more. Mainly it is done by Bible study plus sincere help and encouragement, at no cost to those who benefit.

Not “Just a Dream”

“By their fruits you will recognize” the true brotherhood, Jesus indicated. (Matt. 7:16) The “fruits” prove that a true brotherhood of mankind is not “just a dream” but a modern-day reality.

In over 200 lands throughout the world, Jehovah’s Witnesses can find true brothers and sisters who will welcome them lovingly​—even if they did not know one another personally before. And when one considers all the efforts to crush this brotherhood, it is truly a modern miracle that it is flourishing worldwide. But this is God’s doing, since ‘his ways are higher than our ways.’​—Isa. 55:9.

Thus, the seemingly impossible has happened. The pattern set by Christ and his disciples is indeed being followed today. Of course, it is not being followed perfectly, as the early Christians did not follow it perfectly. Perfection will come only under God’s kingdom. But what is taking place today involves the actual nucleus of a society of people that will someday fill the entire earth.​—Isa. 11:9; 2 Pet. 3:13.

Yes, the facts of history, and the fulfillment of the Bible’s requirements and prophecies, show the truthfulness of a remark made by a social worker in Copenhagen, Denmark. He had noted the fine help given to elderly people by Jehovah’s Witnesses, and remarked: “On occasions when I have dealings with the clergy I get very disappointed. You have the only international brotherhood in the world. I admire your courage in preaching. Keep up the good work!”

Millions of people today agree with those sentiments. And unitedly they look forward to the time soon when all earth’s woes will be past, and when God will shower down his blessings in his new order here on earth. Then all who really want true brotherhood will enjoy peace, prosperity and happiness that can hardly be imagined today.​—Rev. 21:4.

[Footnotes]

[Box on page 13]

THE BASIC PATTERN OF BROTHERHOOD

All should be . . .

. . . loving Jehovah, the heavenly Father, with their whole heart, soul, mind and strength (Mark 12:29, 30)

. . . loving their neighbors as themselves (Matt. 22:39)

. . . real brothers and sisters; no clergy-laity distinctions (Matt. 23:8, 9; 1 Pet. 5:2, 3)

. . . free from racialism (Acts 10:34, 35; Rev. 7:9, 10)

. . . humble and meek, not proud and presumptuous (Ps. 37:9-11; John 13:14, 15; Jas. 4:6, 10)

. . . united, not terribly divided like Christendom (John 17:11, 21; 1 Cor. 1:10; Eph. 4:1-6)

. . . neutral as regards politics (John 17:14; 18:36)

. . . not nationalistic, although obedient to “Caesar,” except where God’s law overrules (Matt. 22:21; Acts 5:29)

. . . guided by God’s Word, the Bible, and living according to its high moral standard (John 17:17; 2 Tim. 3:14-17)

. . . subject to Christ, earth’s new ruler (Matt. 7:24-27; Phil. 2:9-11)

. . . faithfully witnessing for Jehovah, Christ and the Kingdom (Isa. 43:10-12; Matt. 24:14; Acts 1:8)

. . . prepared for opposition, persecution, even death if necessary (Matt. 5:11; 1 Pet. 5:8-10; Rev. 2:10)

HOW DOES YOUR RELIGION COMPARE WITH THE ABOVE?

[Picture on page 12]

True brotherhood exists today!

[Picture on page 14]

Millions throughout the earth today are practicing true brotherhood

My Search for Social Justice

As told by Rafael Coello Serrano

JUSTICE for all! A social mirage? My pursuit of that elusive goal took me into prison 10 times, into and out of Communism, from one-room dwellings in misery to diplomatic missions before foreign governments. It took 50 years, but I found the answer.

I was born in August 1910, in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Our modest home sheltered a large family, including my grandfather, a journalist, who gave me “at knee” training. My father spent all his free time with friends. The men​—relatives, neighbors or guests—​boasted of being antichurch and freethinkers; the womenfolk talked of God and Jesus.

I could perceive, even then, the great differences in people’s life-styles. The community at large was characterized by the absence of shoes and by varied one-room dwellings. The privileged few financed their European residences with their cocoa-based riches while the barefoot workers dried the “seeds of gold” in the sun-scorched streets.

During that time the people of Guayaquil suffered greatly as epidemics of yellow fever and bubonic plague periodically racked the area. Malaria and tuberculosis were routine. I was a thin, sickly child, so friends and teachers expected that I would die young. But I came to have a great zest for life, which I maintain till today.

A Fighter Against Social Injustice

In high school I felt the pressure of social injustice, suffering a number of setbacks because I did not have an aristocratic family name. There began my desire to be a fighter against social injustice.

I learned of man’s sorry history of blood-spilling wars, religious divisions, the Crusades and the Inquisition, which were climaxed by the eruption of the first world war, all taking place predominantly in Christendom. The majority of the human race lived in shocking misery. Workers, humble countryfolk and the poor in general were less than outcasts under the yoke of the wealthy. Underdeveloped countries were the raw-material warehouses for the industrial nations, which developed prosperously, while we continued in our primitive simplicity. On all sides there was the cry: “Social injustice!”

Although I had a passion for mathematics, physics and astronomy, upon completion of high school I enrolled in the university law school because it was the one most readily available. But the university labored under many defects. Students with social and economic influence received special treatment. And there were backward teaching methods.

I recall one professor whose teaching style was simply to sit at his desk and have us read out loud material on the philosophy of legislation. One day we decided to request the opportunity to discuss the material since we had already read it ahead of time. Class spokesman? I was.

The opening of class went something like this: “Doctor, sir, we’d like to request that you not make us read aloud this paper, since we’ve already . . .”

“Silence!” he shouted, “I’m the one who decides on the method of instruction here.”

“We’re only asking you . . .”

“Get out of this class!”

“I don’t have to leave,” I answered.

“One of the two of us is not needed here,” replied the angry teacher.

“The extra person is not I!” I countered, to a round of applause.

The professor left and did not return. And so began our fight. Five months later 16 students were expelled and denied entrance rights to the universities in Quito and Cuenca as well. A group of laborers and farm workers formed a faction to back us. Some months later, at just 19 years of age, I found myself in jail.

At that time religious activity within the prison was forbidden. Nevertheless, one Sunday a Roman Catholic clergyman appeared in order to conduct Mass. We political prisoners incited the others to protest, and religious medals and statues were burned amidst the excitement. The prison warden had one of the protesters dragged from his cell, stripped to the waist in front of our quarters and whipped unmercifully. We were advised that, if any news of the happenings was leaked to the press, we would also be punished. The next day, the major daily newspaper in Guayaquil carried the news. We were put in solitary confinement. However, the reaction of the city was such that the prison warden was removed. Then we were released one by one. For being the most obstinate, I was released last.

Into Communism

Now I decided to get into Communism. “Here I can fight against social injustice,” I thought. I studied in detail the teachings of Marx, Engels and Lenin, organizing the first Communist group in Ecuador to operate openly. But being a Communist at that time meant becoming an outcast. I was thrown out of my home, and my family would not speak to me. I worked as an oiler on a river launch and as a mechanic’s helper. Many times I went hungry.

For seven years, from 1929 to 1936, we Communists waged bitter fights against Socialists, against the mounted police and against other groups that claimed to be Communists but who were moderates. The chief of the mounted police was the father of a friend of mine. I frequently was invited to eat at his home. “Coellito,” he said to me, “here in my home you are like a son; but if I catch you in the street demonstrations, I’ll whip you like any other rebel.”

“Thank you, Captain,” I replied, “and by the same token, if you come down on us, we’ll stone you too.” And one night, as things turned out, he was nearly killed when he was knocked from his horse during a stoning. It was a demonstration in which I did not participate.

As I studied Marx’s doctrines, I found many inconsistencies and unanswered questions. For example, the Communist Manifesto, by Marx and Engels, is a thesis on the “dictatorship of the proletariat.” At the same time, Lenin said that the State, composed of “the army, the police, the jails,” is a “club” to oppress the proletariat. “Physical nature is matter in movement,” said Engels. But, how does it move? Where is it moving? Is there order to the movement? Communism does not explain those matters. Eventually I decided that the solution to social injustice was not in Communism.

One year later my first marriage was dissolved. It had lasted four years and had seen the birth of two daughters. In 1939, three years after my separation from Communism, I met my present wife, Olga. She was a sincere schoolteacher and a fervent Catholic whose beliefs I respected. Together we have had seven children.

Injustice on All Sides

Upon my return to school, the local university had changed. There were many excellent teachers who made me study hard. Besides, I now wanted to succeed in my learning. I was successful.

In 1942, I graduated, a Doctor of Law. By then I had fathomed that the written law, generally reasonable, is one thing, but the application of the same is something quite different. People in high places, with money and influence, using subtle bribes, could change the decisions of the majority of judges. If one of the “mighty” found himself involved in gross public fraud, it became an “error” or a poorly calculated financial operation. But if a commoner stole money for food (nonetheless robbery) he went directly to jail. As a lawyer I envisioned myself as a helper of the poor.

In 1944 there erupted in Guayaquil a violent political commotion, which quickly spread throughout the country. I suddenly found my life in danger. In spite of my separation from previous leftist activities, certain ones feared that I might once again contest their influential positions. They claimed that there was an “enemy of the people” in their midst. Neighbors advised me of the plots, and, viewing it as necessary for self-preservation, I decided to enter the political arena again.

In this insurrection I was horrified by the atrocities, persecutions, tortures and lynchings of even innocent victims for the “benefit” of the people. Opportunistic leaders scaled the ladder of success in the name of the “people,” there to enrich themselves at the public’s expense. Did the insurrection of 1944 bring about social justice? Certainly not!

Once again in the political arena, I experienced marked contrasts in my life. In 1946, I was the government’s official representative to the inauguration of the president of Mexico. At the huge reception I watched thousands of international guests displaying their elegant finery: Soviet military officials decked with medals; British marshals; American generals; famous movie stars. That same night, the temperature in Mexico City fell well below freezing. The following morning, the police gathered dozens of corpses​—malnourished victims of the inclement weather. Having been forced to sleep outdoors, they died of exposure. What I witnessed on that memorable night left me with a healthy distaste for that way of life.

During 1950 and 1951, under the government of a “democratic” president, I spent a year in jail. I was then a parliamentary representative, but was deprived of immunity. Held incommunicado for six days, I was denied my legal rights and was nearly lynched. Why? I was among a group of politicians who actively opposed the democracy of millionaire landowners on whose holdings the Indians lived in the most inhuman poverty.

During my detention I began to think that social justice could come only from God. Then a missionary of Jehovah’s Witnesses, Albert Hoffman, visited me in jail and left me the book “Let God Be True.” This incident was not to be without meaning, for Albert and I would meet again.

Later, in 1953, having become a close coworker with the president of the Republic, I was sent as an ambassador to a meeting of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. On that occasion I watched as another delegate systematically opposed any measure that could favor the underdeveloped areas of Latin America. Social justice on the international scale? None, not even in the United Nations​—mostly united, it appeared, under the oppressive yoke of the giant powers.

I remember that one day the president of Ecuador said to me: “Dr. Coello, you have been a real fighter. You need something to complete your notable career; a touch of gold, say, the pure gold-leaf of the life of a diplomat for a few years.”

I responded, “It is truly an honor, Mr. President, but unmerited and for that reason I decline the offer. I decline precisely because I am a fighter. I am not made for the soft life of the diplomat. I prefer to be with the masses, sharing their destiny. Many thanks.” And I refused.

I remembered having read a passage in the Bible in which Jesus had felt pity at seeing the crowds, the people, like sheep thrown about without a shepherd. (Matt. 9:36) The privileged few continued to feed themselves at the expense of the deprived masses. I was still searching for the solution to this injustice.

Searching Harder

In 1956 I separated from all political activity. Why? Two years earlier I had been the object of a fierce attack by all the political parties in the country. Ecuador’s Social Security Administration, of which I was the president, had acquired nearly 1,800,000 square meters of land, to be used for subdivisions and low-cost housing, at the extremely low price of 12 sucres (about 40 cents, U.S.) per square meter. My political enemies charged that I had personally received from the sellers, on the side, an additional 14 million sucres! I was wrongly painted as the great villain.

At this point I decided to fight by publishing a weekly newspaper that I called Truth. With the appearance of the first issue, my enemies were quieted and I surprised myself. How so? I began to tell the truth without ambiguities and without slurs.

However, the printing press that I had obtained on credit and my home, mortgaged through social security, now became the objects of legal restraint. My enemies wanted to ruin me. But they failed. I had the feeling that justice could come only from on high.

I persuaded my family to join me in an hour of Bible reading each week. We were moved by the words and deeds of Jesus, although there were many things in the Bible that I wanted to explain to my children but could not. Yet we understood clearly that true justice could come only from God.

One morning in October 1958, a man of kindly appearance knocked on my door. Albert Hoffman was looking for me again! I realized that he was someone I had been waiting for without knowing it. We started a study of the Bible with the help of the book “This Means Everlasting Life.”

I began to discover that the Bible is a deep ocean of sayings of life, a loving gift from the tender Creator. My heart was touched by such passages as John 3:16: “God loved the world so much that he gave his only-begotten Son, in order that everyone exercising faith in him, might not be destroyed but have everlasting life.” Everlasting life! And perfect life, including real justice for all!

Preacher of Justice

Following a year of Bible study with Albert, in 1959 I dedicated my life to Jehovah God. Since then I have used the Bible, along with my own experiences in life, to try to help others to understand that true justice comes only from Jehovah God.

I have had the privilege of speaking of Jehovah’s justice to men of all stations, from ex-presidents of the republic to very humble laborers. Some were able to see from the light of the Bible what real justice is. Others have not listened.

My greatest happiness, however, has been to aid my wife and children and to see them dedicate their lives to Jehovah.

At last I could change my narrow point of view. I had learned that true justice could come only from Jehovah God. Only he can see into the hearts of men and remove selfishness, which is responsible for social injustice. He has promised a totally new system for this earth under the direction of a heavenly government, which will rule with complete impartiality. How happifying it was for me to learn that soon in that new order every man will cultivate and reap from his own garden and build and live in his own house. All will be motivated by generous impulses and not by sordid selfishness.​—Compare Isaiah 65:21, 23.

Experiences and Happiness

As Doctor in Jurisprudence, I was named to the Court of Appeals seven years ago. I tried always to make decisions based on the law and justice. Throughout my judgeship I was able to appreciate even more the great chasm separating human justice from the true justice of Jehovah. In 1980 I retired.

Although we live in imperfection and do not yet have true social justice, I have experienced, even now, that, to a remarkable extent, social justice is being practiced among Jehovah’s Witnesses. Any evidence of social, racial or economic segregation is very rare among them.

In August 1981, I turned 71 years of age. Although I keep very busy, there are moments when it is pleasant to give free rein to my thoughts and dream of the things Jehovah has promised. I imagine myself as already being in the New Order, reunited with my resurrected forefathers, lovingly sharing Bible truths with my grandfather as he taught me in my youth. I long, too, for the opportunities that there will be then to learn of Jehovah’s greatness and unitedly praise him as the God of love and justice forever.

[Blurb on page 18]

‘In prison I began to think that social justice could come only from God’

[Blurb on page 19]

‘I learned that God has promised a totally new government for this earth’

[Picture on page 17]

During my time as a political leader, I championed social causes

Pure Water​—A Wonder of Nature

WATER is not something that can be used only once. For thousands of years people have used the same water that you now use every day!

The purification process that takes place in the natural creation, letting generation after generation enjoy pure water, reflects great wisdom. At the same time, humans have a responsibility to cooperate with this system so that it can work without undue interference.

Self-Purification System

The heat from the sun evaporates water from the surfaces of the oceans, lakes and other bodies of water, as well as from damp surfaces. This evaporation lifts tremendous amounts of water vapor into the atmosphere every day. Even if these waters or surfaces happen to be dirty or salty, the vaporized water is almost pure.

In time, this water returns to the earth as rain (or snow). At the same time it helps to purify the air by taking with it dust and other substances. When it reaches the ground, it gives a cleansing rinse to the vegetation and other surfaces. Some of the water flows into rivers, and some soaks into the ground.

Yet, when you draw up groundwater from a good well, it is not dirty. It has become good, pure drinking water! What has happened to make it that way?

When the water soaks into the ground, it is first of all purified mechanically, in that the soil acts as a filter. Solid particles that were in the water remain in the soil as the water passes through it.

However, in water there are also organic impurities and other ones that are not removed by the filtering action of the soil. But the purification of water from these also has been arranged.

Biological Purification

The impurities that are not removed from water by filtering through the soil are handled by biological purification. In this process, countless different microorganisms in the soil go to work on the impurities. As the water slowly soaks into the ground, bacteria and other organisms use the various impurities in the water as food. Their digestive system breaks down the impurities into matter that vegetation can use as nourishment.

As the water is being purified in this way, it absorbs various beneficial minerals from the soil. These also serve to improve its taste as drinking water. So this is why the groundwater in many places is good drinking water without any further purification.

There is also a similar, wonderfully designed water purification process taking place in the rivers, lakes and oceans. The greater part of the solid impurities sink to the bottom of such waters, and the biological process takes care of other impurities. Rainwater washes into the bodies of water great amounts of nutrients from the soil. This includes various nitrogen and phosphorous compounds, as well as countless different substances. Microorganisms in the rivers, lakes and oceans work on these substances, breaking them up into nutrients that the water plants can use for food. When bodies of water get these nutrients adequately, balance is preserved and the water remains sufficiently pure.

Too, when water plants get sunlight they produce oxygen in the water. Microorganisms and fish need this oxygen in order to live. Thus, the entire arrangement is a marvel of order, cooperation and efficiency.

Man-made Problems

Nature’s self-purification system worked well without any problems for thousands of years. But gradually people began to come together in ever-expanding cities, causing problems with the balance of nature.

In early times, drainage systems were constructed in cities. These discharged untreated sewage and waste directly into bodies of water. It could be said that this was the beginning of water pollution. In time, the natural purification process was overwhelmed. Thus, many of the rivers flowing through cities gradually became foul-smelling, open sewers.

What happens when too much waste is discharged into a body of water? At first, microorganisms multiply quickly, as do plants. So the water begins to get muddy. In order to produce oxygen in the water, the plants need sunlight. But the muddiness of the water prevents the light from penetrating below the surface. Thus, the plants that are deeper under the water begin to die and decompose.

The decomposition of the plants uses the oxygen in the water faster than the living plants can produce it. Gradually the oxygen supply is exhausted. This, in turn, means that the microorganisms and fish that are dependent on oxygen die.

Increasing population and the growth of industry have led to problems like this in many places. Due partly to ignorance and partly to indifference, vast amounts of waste and poisons have been discharged into the water. The natural purification process cannot neutralize these quickly enough.

As a result, some very dangerous substances have found their way into plants, fish, birds and humans. Gradually, the need for laws governing the handling of waste became evident. And when action has been taken to improve a polluted body of water, a marked improvement has resulted. But how is this accomplished?

Waste Water Treatment

The treatment of waste water has been the key factor. The methods used take advantage of the natural biological purification process. Let us take a look at what happens to waste water as it goes through a typical treatment plant.

Since there are large solid substances in waste water, it is first filtered through a screen to strain out these large solids. Then the water flows slowly through a small basin where the heavy substances, such as sand, sink to the bottom, from where they are cleared away. This basin is called a grit chamber.

Next the water flows into a large sedimentation basin, where it moves slowly for one or two hours. Here the dirt or sludge in the water sinks to the bottom, from where it can be pumped out.

At this point, however, there are still a lot of organic substances in the waste water. So the water is next channeled into the biological stage for “high-powered treatment” by microorganisms. In large treatment plants this is generally done by adding a concentration of microorganisms to the waste water when it comes into the aeration tank. As the tank’s name suggests, air or plain oxygen is blown into the water. The microorganisms now have an abundance of both oxygen and food in the waste water. So they multiply rapidly and effectively break down the impurities.

After this, a clarification tank is needed to separate the microorganisms from the purified water. They sink to the bottom in this tank and the relatively clean water can now be discharged into the lakes or rivers. However, such water may still contain much bacteria, some of which could cause disease. For that reason this water is usually disinfected with, for example, chlorine or ozone to kill dangerous bacteria.

Improved Purification

In the past few years many countries have been trying to improve their treatment of waste water. Their goal is to remove phosphorous and nitrogen compounds from the water more effectively. Human excreta and many detergents contain a lot of phosphorus, of which only about a third is removed by biological treatment.

Phosphorus would cause the growth of algae in the water unless it was removed. So a chemical that precipitates or attaches to itself more than 90 percent of the phosphorus in water is added after the biological treatment has been carried out. Then it can be gathered as sediment from the bottom of the tank. Aluminum sulphate or iron sulphate, which are waste products from industry, can be used for this purpose.

Other chemical-physical methods also have been adopted in order to achieve a greater degree of purity. Among these are absorption on activated carbon or other absorbents, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and distillation.

It is clear that the building of plants for treating waste water, and the treatment itself, are quite costly. But it is part of the price that must be paid for the concentration of population and industrialization. Realizing how valuable pure water is, most people will no doubt be willing to sacrifice something so that the natural cycle of this vital liquid can continue relatively undisturbed.

[Picture on page 23]

SIMPLIFIED MODEL FROM WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT (For fully formatted text, see publication)

WASTE WATER

CENTRAL CONTROLS

SCREEN

GRIT REMOVAL

SCREW PUMPING

PRE-AERATION

SURPLUS SLUDGE

PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION

AERATION BASIN

SECONDARY CLARIFIER

MEASURE DAM

TO ENVIRONMENT

Crossword Puzzle

Clues Across

1. Where Jesus healed Peter’s mother-in-law (Matthew 8:5-17)

5. He and his brother Abihu made an illegitimate offering to Jehovah (Leviticus 10:1-11)

9. Prophet who rebuked David for his sin with Bathsheba (2 Samuel 12:1-18)

10. Rescued Jeremiah (Jeremiah 38:1-13)

12. “A herdsman and a nipper of figs” who became a prophet (Amos 7:14, 15)

14. His father had the same name as 5-across (1 Chronicles 2:30)

16. Burnt offerings created a restful ‐‐‐‐ to Jehovah (Exodus 29:15-18)

17. Hung on the stake he had prepared for Mordecai (Esther 7:1-10)

19. Possibly identified with Tarshish

20. Roman goddess corresponding to Artemis of the Greeks

21. Son of Esau’s wife Oholibamah (Genesis 36:2-5)

23. Known for his ‘mad’ chariot driving (2 Kings 9:20)

24. Kinsmen of the Persians

28. 23-across killed this king’s wife, Jezebel (1 Kings 16:29-33; 2 Kings 9:30-37)

29. Called “the son of Amos” in the maternal genealogy of Jesus (Luke 3:25)

31. Israelite marriage laws kept families from becoming ‐‐‐‐‐‐ (Leviticus 18:6)

32. God’s word discerns its intentions (Hebrews 4:12)

33. City built (or rebuilt) by Gadites (Numbers 32:34-36)

Clues Down

1. Jehovah promised this land to the seed of Abraham (Genesis 12:1-7)

2. While exiled here, John received the Revelation (Revelation 1:9, 10)

3. Nimrod founded it; Jonah did not want to visit it (Genesis 10:8-12; Jonah 1:1-3)

4. Chief of the Kohathite Levites (1 Chronicles 15:1-16)

6. It brought Noah an olive leaf (Genesis 8:6-12)

7. Jesus healed a sick man near this pool (John 5:2, “Authorized Version”)

8. He and his brother murdered the men of Shechem (Genesis 34:1-31)

11. Christians in this city needed spiritual eyesalve (Revelation 3:14-18)

13. Jehovah rescued David “out of the mire of the ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ (Psalm 40:1, 2)

15. Descendant of Judah through Zerah (1 Chronicles 2:3-6)

18. Likely, this son of Shem was an ancestor of Job (Genesis 10:21-23; Job 1:1)

19. Variant spelling of Shammua (2 Samuel 5:14, “AV”)

21. Considered, but not chosen, to replace Judas (Acts 1:23-26)

22. Anointed one, or Christ (John 1:41)

25. One who participates (2 Corinthians 8:23)

26. Chieftain of Benjamin during the Exodus (Numbers 2:22, 23)

27. “The Bow” was one David wrote (2 Samuel 1:17-27)

30. He ruled as judge in Israel for 23 years (Judges 10:1, 2)

CROSSWORD SOLUTIONS PAGE 27

Answers Across

1. CAPERNAUM

5. NADAB

9. NATHAN

10. EBEDMELECH

12. AMOS

14. SELED

16. ODOR

17. HAMAN

19. SPAIN

20. DIANA

21. JALAM

23. JEHU

24. MEDES

28. AHAB

29. MATTATHIAS

31. INBRED

32. HEART

33. BETHHARAN

Answers Down

1. CANAAN

2. PATMOS

3. NINEVEH

4. URIEL

6. DOVE

7. BETHESDA

8. SIMEON

11. LAODICEA

13. SEDIMENT

15. DARA

18. ARAM

19. SHAMMUAH

22. MESSIAH

25. SHARER

26. ABIDAN

27. DIRGE

30. TOLA

Masters of Camouflage in the Animal World

By “Awake!” correspondent in Nigeria

“WE WERE on safari in Kenya. Our eyes were darting everywhere, missing nothing. Or so we thought, until, suddenly, Runé held my arm and said, ‘James has seen something!’

“James, our Kenyan guide, was pointing to a sausage tree 400 feet (120 m) away. ‘There’s a leopard,’ he said.

“‘Where?’ asked Sören.

“I looked, changed the angle of my vision, rubbed my eyes and looked again. I saw nothing but leaves, branches and the sausage-shaped fruits.

“James chuckled. ‘Let’s go closer,’ he said. We approached to about 50 feet (15 m) from the tree and then I saw it. Spots and blotches, white and brown, now showed up in the solid shape of the leopard, distinct from similar spots and blotches and colors of the tree and sunlight.

“James said he might not have seen the leopard if the tail had not been hanging down with a curl at the end. The curl was an unusual shape in the tree, so he looked again and saw the animal.” Thus Gösta and his friends became aware of the impressive world of animal camouflage​—a world that is evident all around us in the resemblance that animals have to their surroundings. Quite naturally, they, like most of us, desire to know how the camouflage works and who or what is to be given credit for this ability that animals have.

How the Camouflage Works

Camouflage in animals is essential for their survival. It serves as a means of concealment from predators, or helps the predators to remain inconspicuous while stalking, waylaying or baiting their prey. The principle is the achieving of invisibility by confusing the vision of other creatures.

Gösta’s experience with the leopard illustrates this. Like many other creatures, leopards have the mottled appearance of a forest that has sunlight filtering through the trees. They also have the ability to remain motionless and become invisible by merging with their surroundings.

This is true even of the zebra, which may seem to be the most obvious of wild creatures. The zebra’s stripes serve the same purpose as the leopard’s mottled coat. The pattern of contrasting shades and forms seems to break up the shape of the animal into irregular patches or stripes. This is because, when looking from a distance, the eye finds it difficult to fit a broken color scheme together into one solid form. It responds to the illusion created by the disruptive coloring and sees the pale background of the animal’s coat as the light spaces between trees and grass.

So the zebra merges with the slender tree trunks and stalks of grass, and the leopard “disappears” into a tree or bush. One marsh-dwelling bird, the bittern, also merges with the reeds in its habitat because of its striped russet and black coloring. But it increases its camouflage by standing immobile among the reeds with its neck and bill pointed straight up, whenever danger threatens. It even sways with the windblown reeds.

In addition, there is the countershading pattern in which the coloration of the upper parts of animals is darker than the undersides. This counteracts the effect of sunlight, which accentuates the three-dimensional appearance of an object by casting a shadow on its lower surface and on the ground. Because of the countershading, the shadow cast by the animal’s upper portion darkens the paler underside and, to all appearances, reduces its form.

By contrast, other creatures merge with the background because of color resemblance. The white polar bears, the green parakeets and grasshoppers, as well as the black, gray or dusky nocturnal creatures all resemble the color of their environment. This is also true of the delicate or gaudy colors of insects, frogs, lizards and birds that spend their lives among flowers and leaves.

Insects and Fish

Another method of camouflage is by shape imitation, mimicry. This is where insects and fish excel. I remember once hearing someone exclaim: “I can’t believe it! The twig is walking.” Well, it was not a twig; it was an insect.

Insects constitute a world of varied beauty and bizarre, surprising, intricate forms. Coloring and shape provide such perfect camouflage that it baffles the eyes even at close range. Think of the stick insect that looked like a dried twig. Other insects resemble green sprigs, green leaves, dry leaves, partly decayed leaves, or even the excreta of birds.

The leaf insect looks so much like a bunch of green leaves in color, shape, veinlike markings and in its slow, swaying movements, that other insects have been deceived into nibbling it! And here in Nigeria, there is a little beetle that looks like a leaf at the end of a stalk. The stalk is its snout!

There are masters of camouflage in the waters, too. The stonefish looks like a large stone. And the multibranched body of the Australian “sea dragon” resembles seaweed. The sargassum fish with its blotchy coloration is almost invisible among the seaweeds of the Sargasso Sea. There, concealed from predators, it waylays its prey. It adds a bait to its camouflage​—a fleshy growth on its snout that it wriggles as a lure for other fish.

The scorpion fish has a blotchy red coloration like the stones and corals among which it lives. It can vary this coloring to fit more closely into its surroundings. Many species of fish can do this, and some add sand and pieces of weed to their body to complete the camouflage.

Then there is the squid, which ejects a blob of inky fluid when pursued. This creates a “smoke screen” behind which it can swim to safety. Since the blob is approximately the size of the squid, it confuses pursuers in another way: You can imagine a predator’s intent attack on the blob instead of on the squid!

Chameleons’ Color Changes

The color changes of the scorpion fish remind us of that other master of camouflage, the chameleon. It is among the few reptiles that have a selection of vivid colors.

I once saw one in Madagascar groping down a tree limb, trembling like an old man, dressed in a patchwork robe of green, yellow, gray and brown. These were also the colors of the bark and leaves on the tree. Its slow, deliberate gait made it attract less attention. At a glance it could have been a cluster of yellow, brown and green leaves shaking in the wind.

Chameleons can change color at will to match their surroundings. As the animal’s eyes record the colors in its immediate environment, certain nerves send messages to hormones, which react by stimulating pigment-bearing cells (chromatophores) to change their concentration, distribution and position. Thus the chameleon changes color. This is in contrast with the involuntary color change of other creatures, depending on seasonal changes of temperature and variations in lighting or environmental color.

Adaptation

In connection with camouflage, did God design the animals that way because he purposed for them to live off one another, and thus they needed help to survive? It is of interest to note that when God created man and woman, the animals had no fear of them, or of one another. The Bible tells why, stating that God gave man and beast “green vegetation for food.”​—Gen. 1:29, 30.

However, after man’s rebellion, earthly creation became chaotic. Man lost his loving dominion over the animals. As a concession for his survival, man was authorized to eat animal flesh as food after the Flood. (Gen. 9:2-4) The animals, too, coming into chaos, began to live off one another. And since God had created a vast variety of features to make animal life interesting, many animals would be able to adapt to their new situation by using certain features to assist in their survival.

Mankind has done much the same. It certainly was not God’s purpose for man to kill his fellowman and even cannibalize at times. But man, too, has the ability to adapt to new circumstances for his survival, even using camouflage in wartime.

In God’s new order, man and animals will once again come into the peaceful condition God purposed. Then neither will be in fear of sudden death, or have to worry about an inadequate food supply.​—Isa. 11:9; Hos. 2:18; Rev. 21:4, 5.

From Our Readers

ABORTION

There are 29 students in my class at the vocational school that I attend. The subject “Abortion​—Yes or No” came up for class discussion. I turned out to be the only one that considered abortion to be murder. I had taken along several copies of “Awake!” on this subject and I gave the teacher a copy. She read it and even had the “Diary of an Unborn Child” mimeographed and passed out to the class. Many of the students thought about the arguments presented during the discussion and finally changed their original view. When the teacher asked us again how we felt about abortion, almost everyone agreed that it was murder.

S. U., Germany

Your series of articles on abortion were really moving, and the illustration of the ‘little feet​—aborted at 10 weeks’ is truly touching. I delivered this issue to a woman on my route. Recently she told me of the excellent effect that the information had on her. This lady was pregnant, and at the time she received the magazine she had completed arrangements for an abortion. When she read the magazine there were nights she could not sleep. Precisely the night before she was to have the abortion she prayed to God to give her strength so as not to commit such a bad act as to take away the life of an unborn creature. Moved by what she had learned in her reading of “Awake!” she canceled the arrangements for the abortion. Both she and her husband are very thankful for the fine information that helped them to act wisely.

J. A., Spain

While engaged in the preaching work, I discovered several doors, hidden in a small passageway between two buildings, that I had overlooked before. I pushed a copy of “Awake!” under one of them. It contained the articles on abortion. After calling back several times, I finally met a young girl. She told me her mother was in the hospital, where she had just given birth to a baby. Three weeks later I called back and met the woman, who immediately invited me in and proudly showed me the newest addition to the family. It seems that on the very day she had made arrangements with her doctor for an abortion she returned home to find the magazine I had left under her door. Thanks to “Awake!”, what originally was to have been an abortion turned out to be the couple’s “pride and joy.”

G. D., Germany

SMOKING

I’m an agnostic who was forced into a premature disability retirement because my employer would curtail employee smoking only to protect the machines, such as computers. I surely appreciate the articles you’ve written on smoking. I was raised as a Catholic and have a strong sense of reverence for life. It has long been my belief that smoking wouldn’t be our nation’s number one health problem if more clergymen and their congregations were to practice what they preach about love for their fellowman. The Catholic Church is against abortion, suicide, child abuse and self-abuse, except when caused by smoking. Thanks. I know you’ll keep up the good work.

E. C., Arizona

Watching the World

Italy’s “First Secular Government”

◆ Italy’s new premier, Giovanni Spadolini, stated in a recent interview that his was the “first secular Government in the history of the republic,” and noted that it was “a historic event because it established for the first time the practice of rotation of the Prime Ministership between the secular and the Catholic forces in the country.” The New York Times explained that the Christian Democrats, who had ruled for 36 years, “often call themselves a ‘Catholic party”’ because their “leaders have entertained close personal and political links with the Roman Catholic Church.” The secular parties, including Spadolini’s Republican party, says the Times, “share a tradition of sometimes militant opposition to church influence in the country’s political affairs.”

This Is Peacetime?

◆ “It is widely believed that war is the exception and peace is the rule,” noted a summer issue of New Zealand Herald. “However, it is hard to avoid noticing that even in this relatively fortunate time, when the world seems to be mostly at peace, there are at least 23 wars going on.” The Herald added that “there are about a million soldiers and guerrillas in the world today who are engaged in active military operations on a more or less daily basis . . . Each day at least a hundred young men die in combat, and a similar number of civilians lose their lives as a direct result of military operations.”

Churches and Hitler: “Chilling”

◆ Scots theologian Peter Matheson of the University of Edinburgh recently published a book entitled “The Third Reich and the Christian Churches.” “Parts of it are chilling to anyone concerned about the capacity of an evil government to convince chauvinistic churchmen that God belongs to a given people,” says a book review in the Wisconsin State Journal. Among many revealing documents is one from Germany’s Catholic Students Union that “hails the National Socialist [Nazi] revolution as the great spiritual breakthrough of our time.” The document added: “It is the destiny and the will of the Catholic Students Union to embody and disseminate the idea of the Third Reich.” And when the Evangelical (Lutheran) Youth movement merged with the Hitler Youth, it declared in writing: “From now on, no one in this age group can be a member of the Evangelical Youth unless he is a member of the Hitler Youth.”

The Journal’s review concludes: “When the Christians opposed Hitler, they seemed to be much more interested in the possible loss of their privileges than in the systematic murders of Jews, Jehovah’s Witnesses [who refused to be intimidated], the mentally ill and others. . . . Reading the book makes one wonder if it could all happen again.”

Elementary Economics

◆ Nations usually blame their growing economic problems on a variety of strictly monetary factors. But one of the most elementary causes is often overlooked or ignored. A recent study of major industrial nations entitled “World Military and Social Expenditures” revealed a fundamental cause for weak economies. During the past 20 years, the two countries in the study that spent the largest portion of their national wealth on military programs​—the United States and Great Britain—​also had the lowest national productivity growth. Was this just a statistical fluke? Well, the two nations that spent the smallest portion of their wealth on the military​—Japan and Denmark—​had the highest productivity growth.

First Solar Flight

◆ With its 2.7-horsepower electric motor softly buzzing, the sun-powered Solar Challenger lifted off near Paris and flew successfully across the English Channel. The 210-pound (95-kg) aircraft was powered only by 16,000 photovoltaic cells that converted the summer sun’s energy directly into electricity for the motor. The plane, designed by American Dr. Paul McCready, flew at 11,000 feet (3,350 m) for most of its 165-mile (266-km) trip, at an average speed of about 30 miles per hour (50 km/​h).

Crash Corps

◆ “An incredible total of 537 U.S. Navy and Marine Corps aircraft have been destroyed in accidents since 1976​—enough planes to replace the entire British Royal Air Force,” reported the New York Post after an interview with a Navy spokesman. These figures for just the past five years apparently do not include Air Force or Army aircraft. Said the Post: “The most conservative estimate would put the cost to the American taxpayer at well over $2 billion.”

Seeing Is Fattening

◆ “If I even look at food, I get fat,” complain some weight-conscious people. Now there is evidence that they may be right. In a report describing recent research at Yale University, Science Digest states that “people who are sensitive to food ‘cues,’ such as the sight or sound of a steak sizzling in a pan, secrete higher levels of insulin when they encounter those signs. And if the food is a special favorite, they’ll secrete even more.” The researchers concluded that since the hormone insulin can accelerate conversion of sugar in the blood to fat, seeing, smelling or even hearing food cooking may have a fattening effect.

“Work-related” Adultery

◆ A Michigan man temporarily away from his family on assignment for his company in Birmingham, England, died of carbon-monoxide poisoning due to a faulty heater. The heater was in the apartment of a woman with whom the man had just committed adultery. A Michigan administrative law judge ruled that the death was work-related, so that his family could obtain $250,000 in workmen’s compensation benefits. How did the judge come to such a conclusion? “Man is by nature a social creature,” he argued. “It is not reasonable to expect that an employee who is on assignment to a distant land will simply stare at the walls of his hotel room after work.” However, the British government might take a dim view of the implication that “social” activity available to lonely male visitors in England is limited to adultery.

Divorce Peak

◆ In 1979, divorces reached a new peak of 1.18 million in the United States, compared to 1.13 million the previous year. This represents three times as many divorces as were obtained 20 years earlier. And the divorce rate, considering population growth, is two and a half times what it was 20 years ago. There was an average of one child involved in each of the breakups​—1.18 million.

Salt and Blood Pressure

◆ The result of a recent study done in Liverpool, England, and reported in The Lancet, strongly suggests that blood pressure in humans is related to salt intake​—more salt means higher blood pressure. Scientists have been aware of this for some time, but it has been difficult to establish anything definite. As it is now understood, this is because different persons respond to high salt intake in different ways and the response comes slowly.

The correlation is also supported by studies that compare cultures and societies that use little or no salt with those that use large amounts of salt in their diet. Such studies show that as little as 200 mg of sodium is needed a day, whereas in most Western countries the daily intake is about 10 grams. Though the U.S. National Research Council recently advised Americans to reduce their daily salt intake to around 3 grams, some authorities feel even that is too high.

An Ominous Element

◆ What is 486 million times more poisonous than arsenic and so lethal that just a thimbleful is enough to wipe out the entire human race? According to Parade magazine, it is plutonium, the radioactive element used in nuclear bombs and reactors. Plutonium occurs naturally only in trace amounts in uranium ores. But nuclear breeder reactors around the world are producing enormous quantities of it. A sobering thought is that at least 4,000 pounds (1,800 kg) of plutonium is either missing or unaccounted for at the present time.

TV Evangelism Declining

◆ “Though some television preachers are doing well, the overall appeal of telecast ministries appears to be in decline, according to a new book that uses the research methods of the social sciences to gain a clearer picture of a subject often marked by confusion and speculation,” reports the New York Times. The book shows that between 1970 and 1975, the combined U.S. audience of TV preachers rose from 10 million to about 21 million. In the past three years, however, the total has fallen to just below 20 million.

The “confusion and speculation” is well illustrated by the claims of evangelist Jerry Falwell, who estimates that he has an audience of 17 million to 25 million. Data from Arbitron, a television research organization, shows that Falwell’s program is seen by only 1.6 million people.

Inborn Kinship

◆ A Tokyo University research group has demonstrated, with the aid of computers, that “an infant can react to its mother’s calls immediately after its birth,” reports Japan’s Mainichi Daily News. Babies two to four days old were placed in incubators and were given opportunities to hear human voices, including their mother’s, and other sounds. Five of the 16 babies monitored reacted to human voices, but their reactions to their mother’s calls were much sharper. None of them responded to any of the mechanical sounds. In reporting the findings to the Japan Pediatric Society, the researchers noted that their study shows the significance of kinship and indicates that there is an “inborn” relationship between an infant and its mother.

Hope for Dyslexics?

◆ Dyslexia, a perplexing brain dysfunction that affects an otherwise normal person’s ability to read and write, may have a rather simple remedy. According to Swedish psychologist Paul Parlenvi, dyslexics seem to see printed matter in a reverse order, possibly because in most of them reading ability originates in the right half of the brain rather than the usual left. Dr. Parlenvi theorized that turning reading matter upside down to reverse the lettering order should help to solve the problem.

One Englishman who tried Parlenvi’s system after years of standard treatment in Britain declared: “It was miraculous. In three months I had learned more than in all the nine years I had attended special classes. I can now read virtually anything. You cannot imagine what it means to me.”

Space Is for Spying

◆ A new study by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute reports that “75 percent of all satellites orbited since the start of the Space Age have been for military purposes. . . . Since 1957, 1,801 military satellites have been launched.” And in 1980, “103 military satellites were launched​—14 by the USA and 89 by the Soviet Union.”

Sound Out of the Ear

◆ The ears of some people can not only receive sound but also send it. By placing a microphone in the ear canal of 32 volunteers, a scientist at the Central Institute for the Deaf in St. Louis, Missouri, detected a high-pitched signal in at least one ear in half of his subjects. None of them, however, knew that their ears were giving off such signals. The sound from one young woman’s right ear was so loud, in fact, that it disturbed her sister when they played the piano together. Yet she was unaware of it herself. The sound seems to come from the cochlea in the inner ear where vibrations normally are converted into nerve impulses. Apparently the mechanism can also work in reverse, setting itself into vibration and thus emitting an acoustical signal.

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